The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest pyramid in Teotihuacan and one of the largest pyramids in the world, it stands as a testament to the architectural genius of the Teotihuacanos, the civilization that built it around 200 CE.

Today, the Pyramid of the Sun attracts visitors from all over the world. Its sheer size, intricate history, and mystical aura make it a must-see for anyone interested in Mesoamerican culture and ancient architecture.

The Pyramid of the Sun is a symbol of the Teotihuacanos’ sophisticated understanding of astronomy, religion, and society. This pyramid is one of the greatest ancient wonders and part of Mexico’s rich cultural heritage.

The Construction and Design of the Pyramid of the Sun

The Pyramid of the Sun was constructed in 2 phases with a gap of a few decades.

The first phase occurred around 200 CE, bringing the pyramid to nearly its present size. The second phase added its final dimensions of 225 meters across and 75 meters high, making it the third-largest pyramid globally.

The base perimeter of the Pyramid of the Sun measures almost 795 meters (the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is 146 meters in height), with an angle of slope of 32.5 degrees, giving it a distinctive, symmetrical shape.

The pyramid was constructed using volcanic stone and lime plaster.

The Pyramid of the Sun was once decorated with vibrant frescoes depicting powerful symbols such as jaguar heads, snake rattles, and stars, although the paintings and plaster have long since faded.

The Pyramid’s Alignment and Astronomical Significance

The Pyramid of the Sun was built with precise correspondence with celestial events. This fact indicates the understanding of astronomy by the Teotihuacan and their connection between the cosmos and religious practices.

The pyramid was built on a carefully selected spot in Teotihuacan. The pyramid aligns with the prominent Cerro Gordo mountain to the north, while also marking key positions of the sun during the equinoxes and solstices.

The central location of the Pyramid of the Sun, situated along the Avenue of the Dead between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, further emphasizes its importance in the urban planning of Teotihuacan.

The Sacred Cave Underneath the Pyramid

Beneath the Pyramid of the Sun lies a network of tunnels and caves. Archaeologists have long studied these underground chambers, which were believed to be of great spiritual significance for ancient habitats.

Some researchers suggest that the caves may have been a sacred space representing Chicomoztoc, often referred to as the “Place of the Seven Caves,” a significant location in Aztec and other Nahuatl-speaking cultures.

Chicomoztoc is believed to be the mythical birthplace of several cultures that later populated Central Mexico and Mesoamerica. The concept of Chicomoztoc is deeply woven into the fabric of religion and cosmology.

Mesoamerican mythology

Excavations led by archaeologist Rene Millon in 1959 revealed that these tunnels contained artifacts such as pottery, hearths, and items from other cultures, pointing to the diverse influences that shaped Teotihuacan.

In 1971, a 7-meter-deep pit was discovered at the pyramid’s base, further revealing the importance of the cave system. It is believed that the cave served as a site for rituals, possibly as a royal tomb or a place for offerings.

Recent investigations using muon detectors have suggested the potential presence of undiscovered chambers within the pyramid. However, time has made it difficult to fully understand the function of these chambers.

The Religious and Cultural Significance of the Pyramid

The Pyramid of the Sun was a focal point for Teotihuacan’s religious and political life. The pyramid likely venerated a deity, though the specific identity of this god remains a mystery due to the lack of written records.

The pyramid’s central location underscores its spiritual importance.

Caves, like the one beneath the pyramid, were considered sacred in Mesoamerican cultures. They were viewed as the “wombs of the Earth,” where life and creation originated.

In Aztec religion, caves were linked to the god of the Earth and the god of fire, which highlights the Teotihuacanos’ deep reverence for natural elements and their integration into the religious practices of the time.

Archaeological Discoveries and Artifacts

Excavations around the Pyramid of the Sun have unearthed a range of fascinating artifacts. Obsidian arrowheads, human figurines, and even the burial sites of children have been discovered around the pyramid.

Scholars suggest that these objects may have been used in sacrificial rituals.

These finds help to paint a picture of the spiritual and ceremonial life of Teotihuacan, where the construction of monumental structures like the Pyramid of the Sun was likely tied to complex religious rites.

These ancient marvels continue to captivate archaeologists, historians, and tourists alike, inviting us to unravel their secrets and understand their significance in the complex tapestry of Mesoamerican history.

The Pyramid of the Sun

The Pyramid of the Sun, known as “Pirámide del Sol” in Spanish, is the largest pyramid in Teotihuacan and one of the largest in the world. It stands approximately 66 m tall and covers an area of about 55,000 sq m.

Its sheer magnitude is a testament to the engineering prowess of the ancient Teotihuacanos.

One of the most intriguing aspects of the Pyramid of the Sun is its alignment with the cardinal directions. Its sides are precisely oriented to the north, south, east, and west, suggesting a deep understanding of astronomy and celestial navigation among the builders.

This alignment has led to speculation that the pyramid may have had astronomical and cosmological significance, possibly serving as a giant astronomical observatory.

Another mystery surrounding the Pyramid of the Sun is its construction timeline and the identity of the people who built it.

Teotihuacan was at its peak between the 1st and 7th centuries AD, and it remains unclear whether the pyramid was constructed by a single civilization or over multiple generations.

This uncertainty adds an element of intrigue to the pyramid’s history.

The Pyramid of the Moon

The Pyramid of the Moon (“Pirámide del Luna”) is another remarkable structure in Teotihuacan. It is slightly smaller than the Pyramid of the Sun but equally significant in terms of its historical and cultural importance.

The Pyramid of the Moon also displays precise alignment with the cardinal directions.

One theory suggests that the Pyramid of the Moon served as a ceremonial center, possibly for rituals related to the moon and the cycles of the lunar calendar. This theory is supported by the discovery of various offerings and human sacrifices at the pyramid’s base, indicating its role in religious practices.

The Pyramid of the Moon is also known for its proximity to the Avenue of the Dead, a central thoroughfare in Teotihuacan lined with various structures and smaller pyramids.

This avenue likely played a crucial role in the city’s religious and ceremonial activities, with the Pyramid of the Moon acting as a focal point.

Unraveling the mysteries

Despite decades of research and excavation, mysteries surrounding the pyramids of Teotihuacan remain unsolved. Questions about their creators, their purposes, and the subtleties of their cosmological significance continue to intrigue scientists.

The Pyramids of Teotihuacan stand as enduring symbols of the advanced civilization that once thrived in the region.

Their awe-inspiring presence continues to inspire wonder and fascination, making them a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the rich history and mysteries of ancient Mesoamerica.

As further exploration and study of these remarkable structures continue, the secrets hidden within their stone walls for centuries may one day be uncovered, shedding light on the enigmatic world of Teotihuacan and its profound connection to the Sun and the Moon.