The Silver Route (Ruta de la Plata) is a historic network of roads used during the colonial era to transport silver and many other valuable resources from the silver mines of northern Mexico to Mexico City and then on to Spain.

The Silver Route was one of the most important trade routes in colonial-era Mexico and played an important role in the economy of the Spanish Empire, facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and people between regions.

Key points about the Silver Route

The route was established in the 16th century, soon after Spain discovered vast silver deposits in places like Zacatecas, Guanajuato, and Durango. These regions became major sources of silver that was extracted and sent to Spain.

The route connected the silver mining areas of the north to Mexico City, and from there, silver was shipped to Spain. Some parts of the route extended to Veracruz, where the silver was loaded onto ships to the Spanish Empire.

The Silver Route was vital not only for transporting silver but also for the flow of goods, people, and cultural exchange. Along the route, towns grew rapidly, and many of them still retain their colonial architecture and charm.

Mining towns and landmarks

Zacatecas, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, and Durango became wealthy due to silver mining. These towns were hubs of colonial culture, trade, and economy. They developed a characteristic colonial atmosphere with grand churches, plazas, and large haciendas.

Many of the towns along the Silver Route are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

All these towns have well-preserved colonial architecture and historical significance. The route is a great way to explore the rich history of colonial Mexico, its architecture, and the economic foundations that shaped modern Mexico.

Traveling along the Silver Route today offers an opportunity to visit cities and towns that showcase Mexico’s colonial past, providing a deep historical experience while you enjoy scenic landscapes.

Towns along the Silver Route

The Silver Route (Ruta de la Plata) passes through several towns and cities that were historically important during the colonial era due to their role in silver mining and trade. Here’s a list of some of the key towns along the route:

• Zacatecas
• Guadalupe (near Zacatecas)
• San Luis Potosí
• Real de Catorce
• Guanajuato
• San Miguel de Allende
• Dolores Hidalgo
• Santiago de Querétaro
• Durango
• Aguascalientes

These towns were significant due to their silver mines, trade, and colonial-era architecture, much of which is still well-preserved today. Some of these towns are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, like Zacatecas and Guanajuato.

Here, we present a list of the most important activities taking place at the region’s three main carnivals, as well as a variety of experiences visitors can enjoy to complement their stay.

Cozumel Carnival

One of Mexico’s oldest carnivals, the Cozumel Carnival is recognized both nationally and internationally. This year marks its 151st edition, which will take place from February 26 to March 5.

The event will feature performances from various musical groups and artists, including Matute, a popular 80s cover band, and Chico Che Chico, the son of the renowned tropical music singer Chico Che.

Playa del Carmen Carnival

Known for hosting major events, Playa del Carmen’s carnival will be no exception.

Scheduled from February 26 to March 4, the festivities will include musical performances by pop duo Jesse & Joy on February 27, reggae group Rawayana on March 1, and Bomba Stereo the following day.

The carnival will conclude with a reggaeton performance by Argentine singer Nicki Nicole. Visitors can also enjoy culinary and cultural showcases at Parque Fundadores, along with a parade of colorful floats over the three days.

Cancun Carnival

Taking place at Malecón Tajamar, with the picturesque Laguna Nichupté as its backdrop, the Cancun Carnival will feature confirmed performances from Matute and the well-known Texan band Intocable, who will close the event on March 4.

There will also be three additional artists yet to be confirmed. From February 28 to March 4, traditional parades and contests will showcase grand floats featuring creative regional elements.

The Mexican Caribbean also hosts carnival celebrations in other destinations: Holbox, Bacalar, Puerto Morelos, and Isla Mujeres, where visitors will find a variety of activities designed for all tastes, adding to the broad range of experiences available during this festive season.

The soldier’s testimony was not believed by Mexicans until they learned of the murder of the governor of the Philippines, confirmed months later by passengers of a ship that had crossed the Pacific Ocean with the news.

The folklore expert Thomas Allibone Janvier described the legend in 1908 as “current among all classes of the population of Mexico City.”

The mysterious night of October 24, 1593

On October 24, 1593, the soldier was doing his job protecting the Governor’s palace in Manila. The night before, the Governor had been murdered, but the guards were still protecting the palace and waiting for the proclamation of a new governor.

The soldier began to feel dizzy and exhausted. He leaned against the wall and rested for a moment, closing his eyes.

When he opened his eyes a few seconds later, he found himself in a place that seemed unfamiliar. The scenery, the architecture, and the atmosphere were entirely different from what he had known in Manila. He was no longer in the Philippines.

From the Philippines to Mexico City

Disoriented and confused, Pérez wandered the streets of this unknown land until he was stopped by soldiers. Noticing his bewilderment and unusual uniform, they began questioning him.

Pérez, still reeling from his inexplicable situation, explained that he was a Spanish soldier stationed in the Philippines. But to his great astonishment, the soldiers told him he was in Mexico, thousands of miles across the ocean.

The soldiers, skeptical of his story and unsure of his identity due to his lack of documentation, arrested him. Authorities in New Spain (Mexico) interrogated him for days, suspecting him to be a deserter or, a servant of the devil.

The news of the governor’s murder in the Philippines was still unknown in Mexico City. The transported soldier reportedly wore the guard’s uniform from Manila and knew of the death of Governor Pérez Dasmariñas.

Historical fact: Governor Pérez Dasmariñas was killed at sea, some distance from Manila.

Pérez, however, stuck to his story, insisting that he had been in the Philippines moments earlier, with no idea how he ended up in Mexico. His tale was considered absurd, and he was imprisoned for two months.

The authorities took him to prison for being a deserter and on charges of being a servant of the devil.

An inexplicable turn of events

News of this strange prisoner soon spread and reached the Philippines.

Months later, news of the governor’s death arrived in Mexico aboard a galleon from the Philippines. A ship carried word that Gil Pérez was a soldier in Manila and that his sudden disappearance had been a mystery.

On the same ship was another Spanish soldier who recognized Gil Pérez, confirmed his identity, and said he had seen him in the Philippines a day after the governor’s death.

Faced with this undeniable proof, the authorities in New Spain had no choice but to release Pérez. Gil Pérez was finally released from prison by the authorities and was allowed to return home.

He returned to the Philippines, but his extraordinary story became an enigma that has yet to be explained. In his time, many believed his experience to be a demonic act, while others viewed it as evidence of teleportation or even alternate realities.

The mystery lives on

The story has been recounted throughout the centuries by writers such as the American folklore expert Thomas Allibone Janvier, Washington Irving, Luis González Obregón, Gaspar de San Agustín, Antonio de Morga, and José Rizal.

Thomas Allibone Janvier rewrote the story as The Legend of the Living Ghost in the 1908 edition of Harper’s Magazine, naming the soldier Gil Pérez. The story was part of a series titled Legends of Mexico City, published in a complete volume in 1910.

Janvier then warned that similar motives are common in folklore. Washington Irving’s Tales of the Alhambra includes the story The One-Armed Governor and the Soldier, which shares similarities with the legend.

Janvier’s 1908 version was based on a Spanish account by the Mexican folklorist Luis González Obregón published in 1900: México viejo: noticias históricas, tradiciones, leyendas y costumbres, under the title A Ghostly Apparition.

Obregón, in turn, based it on a 1698 narration (100 years after the supposed event) told by Fray Gaspar de San Agustín following the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, recounting the story as a factual event.

San Agustín does not name the soldier but attributes the incident to witchcraft and satanic practices.

Janvier asserts that Obregón claimed in 1609 that Antonio de Morga (a judge and colonial official in New Spain) had written that the death of Pérez Dasmariñas was known the same day in Mexico, but Morga still ignored how this could have happened and did not mention the soldier.

José Rizal also mentions many other miraculous stories from the Spanish Philippines of the time, and Luis Weckmann also observes the same connection with Spanish Mexico. A 1936 collection, Historias de vivos y muertos, includes a version by Obregón’s successor, Artemio de Valle Arizpe: Through the air it came, through the sea it went.

Several writers have offered paranormal explanations for the story. Morris K. Jessup and Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty, suggested an alien abduction, while Colin Wilson and Gary Blackwood suggested it was a case of teleportation.

The legend of Gil Pérez has fascinated historians, scientists, and curious minds for centuries. Was it an act of supernatural power? A glitch in the fabric of reality? Or simply a tale of an exhausted soldier caught in an extraordinary circumstance?

To this day, the case remains unsolved, continuing to spark debates and wonder about the limits of the human experience. The mystery of Gil Pérez, the soldier who ‘teleported’ to Mexico, remains one of the most baffling and intriguing stories in history.

The peculiar Upside-Down Town is an artistic and architectural installation that plays with visual perception and gravity, making visitors feel as if they are walking in a surreal world where physical rules do not apply as usual.

From the moment visitors enter this peculiar place, they feel immediate bewilderment: houses appear to hang from the sky, streetlights emerge at odd angles, streets seem upside-down, and staircases lead to unexpected places.

Visitors enter a world where perspective and gravity appear to be inverted, causing water to appear to flow upwards and balance to appear unnatural. It’s a dizzying adventure that encourages them to question reality itself.

The Upside-Down Town has a purpose to challenge the perception of reality. The experience invites visitors to question how they interpret the world and reflect on how their senses influence their perception of what surrounds them.

The Upside-Down Town at Xenses is a must-visit attraction.

How does the optical illusion work?

The design of the Upside-Down Town relies on forced perspective, strategic inclinations, and visual effects that deceive the brain, making visitors feel as if they are in a surreal world where everyday physics seems completely distorted.

Through these clever illusions, water appears to flow uphill, people seem to walk against gravity, and structures stand in seemingly impossible positions, creating a mind-bending experience that challenges perception and reality.

One of the most astonishing effects is the sense of imbalance visitors experience while walking its streets, as the sloped ground and unconventional angles cause the body to react unexpectedly, like in a surreal science fiction movie.

The Upside-Down Town in Xenses Park is not just a visual spectacle but also an interactive experience. Visitors can climb staircases that seem to defy logic, walk on house rooftops, and take pictures in positions that appear impossible.

The attraction is designed to stimulate creativity and imagination.

The pleasant temperatures make the spring season ideal for exploring both coastal and inland destinations. The beaches on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts offer perfect conditions for swimming, snorkeling, and relaxing under the sun.

Spring is the perfect time to enjoy Mexico’s stunning coastlines.

In spring, many cities host festivals with traditional music, dancing, and culinary delights. From the colorful celebrations to the Easter processions, the season is filled with events that showcase the best of Mexican traditions.

With fewer crowds than the summer months, spring offers a more relaxed and intimate experience. Visitors can explore ancient ruins without the overwhelming crowds and delve deeper into local traditions in smaller towns and villages.

Here are the top destinations to explore in March and spring:

Cancún and the Riviera Maya

The Riviera Maya, in particular, is a prime destination for those seeking adventure and relaxation. Its crystal-clear waters are perfect for exploring vibrant coral reefs and swimming alongside marine life such as turtles and tropical fish.

Beyond the beaches, the region is rich in history, with ancient Mayan ruins.

• Visit Playa del Carmen and Tulum for white sandy beaches and crystal-clear waters.
• Take a one-day trip to Chichén Itzá, one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.
• Enjoy the vibrant nightlife in Cancún.

Mexico City

Spring in Mexico City means mild weather and a great time to explore historical and cultural attractions. Visit multiple museums, parks, and historic sites, each offering a unique glimpse into the country’s vibrant heritage.

• Walk through the Zócalo and the Historic Center.
• Enjoy a boat ride in Xochimilco, with live mariachi music.
• Experience the local festivals, featuring concerts, theater, and art exhibitions.

San Miguel de Allende

This charming colonial city is perfect for a spring getaway, with pleasant weather and beautiful architecture.

• Stroll through the Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel.
• Discover local art galleries and markets.
• Take a hot air balloon ride over the picturesque town.

Oaxaca

March is ideal for exploring Oaxaca’s rich culture, traditional cuisine, and stunning landscapes.

• Visit the ancient ruins of Monte Albán.
• Enjoy mezcal tastings and try authentic Oaxacan mole.
• Experience the Semana Santa (Holy Week) celebrations if visiting in late March.

Puerto Vallarta

Spring offers perfect beach weather, and the city’s vibrant culture and outdoor activities make it a top choice.

• Relax on Los Muertos Beach and take a sunset cruise.
• Explore the Malecón Boardwalk, filled with street performances and sculptures.
• Go whale watching, as the season lasts until early spring.

Chiapas

If you love nature and adventure, Chiapas offers breathtaking landscapes and archaeological sites.

• Explore the Sumidero Canyon by boat.
• Visit the mystical ruins of Palenque.
• See the stunning Agua Azul waterfalls.

Baja California

March is one of the best times for whale watching, particularly in Guerrero Negro and Bahía Magdalena.

• Visit La Paz for incredible beaches and marine life.
• Explore the famous Valle de Guadalupe, Mexico’s top wine region.
• Enjoy outdoor adventures in Cabo San Lucas, including snorkeling and desert hikes.

March and spring bring ideal weather and unique experiences to Mexico.

Whether you’re after sun-soaked beaches, colonial charm, or outdoor adventures, Mexico has something to offer every traveler. Start planning your spring getaway now and enjoy the beauty and culture of this incredible country!

Cozumel Island is home to several other smaller Mayan sites that are scattered throughout the island. Santa Rita, El Caracol, and other lesser-known ruins offer a more intimate experience compared to the more popular sites.

Archaeological sites, scattered across the island, reveal the spiritual, commercial, and everyday life of the Maya who once thrived here. If you’re looking to explore Cozumel beyond its beaches, visiting these Mayan ruins is a must.

San Gervasio

San Gervasio is the most significant and the most well-known archaeological site on Cozumel.

This sacred site was dedicated to Ixchel, the Mayan goddess of fertility, love, and medicine. In ancient times San Gervasio served as a major pilgrimage destination for Mayan women who sought blessings for fertility and childbirth.

Today, visitors can walk through the remains of temples, plazas, and ancient roadways. The site’s remote jungle setting adds to its mystique, making it an unforgettable experience for history and nature lovers alike.

El Cedral

El Cedral is another important historical site on the island and is considered the oldest Mayan ruin in Cozumel. It was once a thriving ceremonial center and a key part of the island’s early trade network.

While much of the original structure has eroded over time, the site remains an intriguing spot. Every year, the Festival of El Cedral is held here, celebrating the island’s heritage with traditional dances, music, and festivities.

Castillo Real

Castillo Real is a fascinating site located on the remote eastern coast of Cozumel.

This structure is believed to have served as a lookout point or defensive fortification. The ruins, perched on a rugged coastline, offer breathtaking views of the Caribbean Sea, making it a rewarding visit for those who make the trek.

El Caracol

El Caracol is Mayan ruin located in Cozumel’s Punta Sur Eco Park.

This small yet significant structure is believed to have served as a primitive weather warning system. Its unique conch-shaped design allowed strong winds to pass through openings, producing a whistling sound that may have alerted the Maya to approaching hurricanes.

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Exploring ancient Mayan ruins on Cozumel is a unique blend of history, culture, and adventure. Whether you visit San Gervasio, El Cedral, or a hidden gem like Castillo Real, each site tells a story of the island’s ancient inhabitants.

Each wreck tells a unique story of adventure, tragedy, and history.

Many historical records, archaeological surveys, and oil industry explorations have documented a vast number of wrecks, ranging from Spanish galleons and Civil War-era steamers to World War II vessels and modern ships.

One of the earliest recorded shipwrecks occurred in 1523 when a treasure-laden Spanish ship ran aground near Padre Island, currently the US Texas territory, which at the time was part of Spain’s vast New World territory.

Then Spanish authorities launched a rescue operation and recovered much of the treasure. This and other shipwrecks eventually led to the establishment of settlements along the northern coast to improve maritime safety.

It’s likely that many more Spanish galleons, laden with gold, silver, and other valuable goods, sank in the Gulf of Mexico due to storms, or pirate attacks. Spanish expeditions faced immense risks in these treacherous waters.

These ships often carried precious cargo intended for Spain or the colonies, and many of them were lost to the elements or enemy action, their riches still potentially hidden beneath the dark depths of the Gulf of Mexico.

The Spanish trade route from Veracruz, Mexico, to Havana, Cuba, passed through some of the deepest parts of the Gulf of Mexico, over 160 km offshore, increasing the likelihood of discovering more shipwrecks in this area.

The Gulf of Mexico has witnessed shipwrecks from different epochs, periods, and conflicts. From ancient vessels to passenger steamships, thousands of sunken wrecks lie on the deep ocean floor throughout the Gulf of Mexico.

In the 19th century, a mysterious ship now known as the “Mardi Gras” wreck sank about 56 kilometers off the Louisiana coast. The ship remained undiscovered until 2002 when an oil field survey stumbled upon its remains.

World War II brought new perils to the Gulf of Mexico, as a German U-boat (submarine) prowled its waters. On July 30, 1942, a German submarine torpedoed and sank a passenger steamship bound for New Orleans, USA.

The US Navy patrol ship escorting the steamship quickly counterattacked the submarine. It was believed that the submarine had escaped. However, in 2001, was revealed the submarine had sunk a few miles from the wreck.

Beyond these, countless other wrecks – some known, others yet to be discovered – dot the Gulf of Mexico seabed, from Spanish galleons and Civil War-era steamers to modern vessels lost to hurricanes and mishap accidents.

These wrecks serve as underwater time capsules, continuing to fascinate divers.

The Aztecs did not have a formal writing system, they relied on oral storytelling and pictorial representations. These visual records, known as pictograms and logograms, provide valuable insights into Aztec history and traditions.

Many of these pictograms were documented both before and after the Spanish conquest.

During the colonial era, the Spaniards introduced the Latin script to the Nahuatl language. As a result, later codices combined written descriptions with pictorial elements. These codices remain essential for understanding Aztec society.

Codex Borbonicus

One of the most significant Aztec codices is the Codex Borbonicus. It was created by Aztec priests around the time of the Spanish conquest. This codex consists of a long sheet of amatl parchment, measuring 14.2 meters.

Initially, it contained only images, but Spanish annotations were added later.

The Codex Borbonicus is divided into three parts:

• The first section features a divinatory calendar with days and deities.
• The second section explains the Aztec 52-year cycle, listing the first days of each year.
• The final section describes various rituals and ceremonies.

Codex Mendoza

The Codex Mendoza was created in 1541 for Charles V, the Spanish king and Holy Roman Emperor. It contains four sections, each focusing on a different aspect of Aztec life:

• The first section details the history of the Aztecs, beginning with the founding of Tenochtitlan in 1325.
• The second section lists the city-states conquered by the Aztecs and the tributes they paid.
• The third section describes daily life and Aztec customs.
• The final section provides information about economic transactions and Spanish colonial assets.

Florentine Codex

The Florentine Codex is perhaps the most detailed account of Aztec life before the Spanish conquest.

This codex consists of 12 books and was compiled between 1540 and 1585 under the supervision of Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. It is based on original Aztec records that were later destroyed.

For a long time, only censored versions of the codex were available. A complete edition was finally published in 1979. Today, it remains one of the most valuable sources of information on pre-Hispanic Aztec society.

Codex Osuna

The Codex Osuna is a collection of seven documents created in 1565. It was used as evidence against Viceroy Luis de Velasco during an inquiry from 1563 to 1566.

The codex records complaints from indigenous people about unpaid labor. It highlights issues such as non-payment for construction work and domestic services. Initially, it was purely pictorial, but Nahuatl descriptions were later added and translated into Spanish.

The codex was named after Spanish nobleman Mariano Tellez Grion y Beaufort, the Duke of Osuna, who once owned it.

Codex Aubin

The Codex Aubin is an important historical record. It documents the history of the Aztecs from their migration from Aztlan to the Spanish conquest and early colonial era, covering events until 1607.

This codex consists of 81 leaves and was possibly compiled in 1576 under the supervision of Fray Diego Durán. However, the date and authorship remain debated. Some scholars regard it as a reliable historical account based on oral traditions.

Codex Magliabechiano

The Codex Magliabechiano focuses on religion and rituals. It was created in the mid-16th century and consists of 92 pages. The codex details various aspects of Aztec spiritual life, including:

• The sacred calendar
• Religious ceremonies and rites
• Aztec deities and their attributes
• Costumes and cosmological beliefs

Like many other codices, it was based on an earlier indigenous manuscript. It contains both pictographs and Spanish text.

Codex Borgia

The Codex Borgia is one of the few surviving pre-Hispanic codices. It is believed to have originated in present-day Puebla. Made of folded animal skins, it consists of 39 sheets.

This codex is a divinatory and ritual manuscript. It includes:

• Depictions of various gods and their rituals
• References to human sacrifices
• An astronomical narrative
• Aztec beliefs about marriage and day signs

It was named after Italian Cardinal Stefano Borgia, who once owned it. Later, it was acquired by the Vatican.

Codex Xolotl

The Codex Xolotl records the history of the Valley of Mexico, particularly Texcoco, a sister city of Tenochtitlan. It covers events from 1224, when the Chichimeca arrived under King Xolotl, up to the Tepanec War of 1427, which led to the rise of the Aztec Empire.

This codex consists of six amatl boards, each measuring 42 by 48 centimeters. The author is unknown. Despite this, the Codex Xolotl remains a key source of information on Aztec history, politics, and culture.

The Importance of Aztec Codices

Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Aztecs used pictograms to record knowledge. These visual records, combined with oral traditions, provided a means of preserving history.

During the colonial period, many codices were created with added Spanish text.

These documents are crucial in understanding Aztec culture, history, religion, and governance. Today, they remain an invaluable source of knowledge about one of the most fascinating civilizations in history.

This tropical paradise is home to world-famous destinations like Cancún, Playa del Carmen, Tulum, and Cozumel. Whether you’re looking for luxury resorts, eco-tourism, or vibrant nightlife, the Mexican Caribbean has it all.

Why visit the Mexican Caribbean?

Imagine stepping onto the soft sand, the warm sun kissing your skin as the gentle breeze carries salty ocean air. The rhythmic sound of waves crashing on the shore as you feel the cool splashes of water against your legs.

From its stunning coastline to its rich cultural history, the Mexican Caribbean offers an unparalleled travel experience. Whether you are an adventurer or simply someone looking to relax, this region has something for everyone.

Diverse water fun activities make it a top beach destination worldwide. Whether you’re exploring lush jungles or enjoying beachfront yoga retreats, the Mexican Caribbean offers endless possibilities for unforgettable vacations.

The Mexican Caribbean is renowned for its stunning beaches, offering endless opportunities for fun and relaxation. From swimming and sunbathing to adrenaline-pumping activities like jet skiing, parasailing, and kite surfing.

The popular Playa Delfines in Cancún offers a more laid-back atmosphere, and it is an ideal place for those looking to relax, while Playa Mamitas in Playa del Carmen is a lively spot with beach clubs and bars for a fun-filled day.

Top adventure activities in Tulum include exploring nearby underground cenotes and grottoes or visiting family-friendly theme parks, where you can experience everything from zip-lining to underground river tours.

Read more about the best cenote tours in Riviera Maya.

The Mexican Caribbean is home to some of the best family-friendly beaches, with calm waters, soft sand, and plenty of fun for all ages, making it perfect for children to splash around safely or enjoy a family picnic on the beach.

The pristine beaches of the Mexican Caribbean also provide the perfect backdrop for more serene activities, such as yoga sessions. The Mexican Caribbean’s beaches provide a lot of experiences to suit all kinds of beach lovers.

Stunning beaches and crystal-clear waters

The turquoise waters of the Mexican Caribbean are among the most beautiful in the world. From the bustling shores of Cancún to the secluded beaches of the nearby islands, visitors can enjoy a lot of beach experiences.

Popular spots include Isla Mujeres, Akumal, and the coastline of Mahahual.

Mayan ruins and cultural heritage

The region is rich in history, with ancient Mayan ruins scattered across the Yucatán.

Some of the must-visit sites include:

• Chichén Itzá – One of the New Seven Wonders of the World.
• Tulum Ruins – Overlooking the Caribbean Sea, it offers stunning views.
• Cobá – Home to Nohoch Mul, the tallest pyramid in the region.

Vibrant marine life and world-class diving

The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef is the second-largest coral reef system in the world.

The coral reef runs along the Mexican Caribbean, making it a top destination for scuba diving and snorkeling. Key diving spots include Cozumel, Banco Chinchorro, and the famous Underwater Museum of Art in Cancún.

Adventure and eco-tourism

For adventure seekers, the Mexican Caribbean offers cenote swimming, jungle tours, and wildlife encounters. Explore the unique cenotes, kayak through the mangroves of Sian Ka’an Reserve, or hire a whale-shark watching tour.

Delicious Mexican and Caribbean cuisine

The local cuisine is a blend of flavors that will delight food lovers.

• Cochinita Pibil – A slow-roasted pork dish marinated in citrus.
• Tikin Xic fish – A regional specialty cooked with achiote and citrus.
• Lobster Tacos – A local favorite found in beachside restaurants.

Best time to visit the Mexican Caribbean

The best time to visit the Mexican Caribbean is between November and April, when the weather is warm and dry. The rainy season usually lasts from June to October, but this period also offers lower prices and fewer crowds.

How to get to the Mexican Caribbean

The main entry point is Cancún International Airport, which has direct flights from major cities around the world. From there, travelers can easily reach Playa del Carmen, Tulum, and other destinations by bus or private transfer.

Mexican Caribbean vs Riviera Maya

The Mexican Caribbean and the Riviera Maya refer to slightly different areas.

The Mexican Caribbean refers to the coastal region along the eastern Yucatan, including Cancun, Isla Mujeres, and Cozumel. The Riviera Maya stretches along the coast just south of Cancún, toward Playa del Carmen and Tulum.

While both regions offer stunning beaches and cultural attractions, the Riviera Maya is known for its more laid-back, eco-friendly vibe, while the Mexican Caribbean tends to have more bustling tourist hubs and luxury resorts.

The Mexican Caribbean is a must-visit destination for anyone looking for a mix of relaxation, adventure, and culture. Whether you want to unwind on the beach, explore ancient ruins, or dive near coral reefs, this region has it all.

Book your trip today and discover the magic of the Mexican Caribbean!

Cozumel gained international fame through Jacques-Yves Cousteau’s 1960s documentaries, which highlighted its picture-perfect beaches with fine white sand, turquoise waters, vibrant coral reefs, and rich marine biodiversity.

Cozumel is much more than just another tropical island paradise. While the neighboring bustling  Riviera Maya pulsates with noisy energy, Cozumel remains a quiet haven where time slows down and nature takes center stage.

Cozumel is the tranquil soul of the Mexican Caribbean. With its pristine shores and shimmering turquoise waters, the island offers a different kind of vacation – one that combines adventure, and serenity in perfect harmony.

San Miguel de Cozumel

San Miguel de Cozumel is the largest and only city on the island. It’s home to approximately 100,000 residents. The city layout follows a structured grid, with avenues running from north to south and intersecting cross streets.

Around the main square, colonial-style buildings painted in vibrant hues stand alongside walls adorned with graffiti. The streets bustle with bazaars, shops, and businesses, all catering to the island’s primary lifeline – tourism.

Among its cultural landmarks, Cozumel boasts a museum, a cathedral, and a synagogue.

Cozumel Island is also home to significant Mayan ruins. While the ruins of San Gervasio are the largest and best-preserved ruin on the island, smaller Mayan archaeological remnants can be found scattered throughout Cozumel.

San Gervasio was an important religious and pilgrimage site dedicated to Ixchel, the goddess of fertility, love, and the moon. In ancient times, women from across the region would travel to San Gervasio to honor the goddess.

Outside of San Miguel de Cozumel, the island is mostly populated on the outskirts, especially on the west coast. This area contains most of the hotels and apartment complexes, beaches, docks, and almost all tourist attractions.

Exploring Cozumel’s expansive terrain

Although you can bike the island from one end to the other in half a day, Cozumel is larger than it appears. The island’s scenic extensive coastline offers landscapes, from lush jungles and pristine beaches to untouched shores.

You’ll find a blend of urban life in San Miguel and serene, isolated spots that bring you closer to nature. Cozumel is much more than just its famous beaches. The island offers a unique mix of accessibility, relaxation, and seclusion.

Cozumel is a well-connected destination.

The island is home to an airport and docks that accommodate large international cruise ships. It’s also easily accessible by ferry from Playa del Carmen, making it an ideal destination for both day trips and extended getaways.

The southern end and Punta Sur Eco Beach Park

At the southern end lies Punta Sur Eco Beach Park, which includes Mayan ruins, bird-watching towers, mangroves, crocodiles, and turtle nests. Take a boat tour to view the seabed through see-through boats or go submarine diving.

Visitors can explore the Museum of Navigation or immerse themselves in ancient Mayan traditions. Punta Sur Eco Beach Park offers a mix of relaxation and adventure, perfect for those seeking a deeper connection with natural beauty.

The wild eastern coast and the interior of the island

The east coast of Cozumel is wild and unprotected.

Without the calming effect of the reef, the waves here are rough and the sea can be dangerous. The raw beauty of this part of the island is undeniable. Rugged cliffs and crashing waves showcase the dramatic side of the Caribbean.

In contrast, the interior of the island is densely covered with tropical vegetation, offering a peaceful retreat for those seeking a break from the more populated western coast.

The northern tip and Isla de la Pasión

On the northern coast of the island lies Isla de la Pasión, a tiny island just a kilometer long. Once considered sacred, Isla de la Pasión was dedicated to Ixchel, the goddess of love and fertility, and her lover, Itzamná, the god of the sun.

Today, Isla de la Pasión is a romantic destination, perfect for weddings, engagements, intimate celebrations, and other events. This small island is a dream getaway for couples in love, honeymooners, and hopeless romantics alike.

Diving and the Mesoamerican Reef

Cozumel’s biggest marine activities are diving and snorkeling.

The island is surrounded by a series of coral reefs that are part of the Mesoamerican Reef, the second-largest reef system in the world. This reef stretches south along the coast of Quintana Roo, reaching into Honduras and Belize.

Popular diving spots include Punta Sur, Palancar, and El Cielo.

El Cielo is a sandbar, known for its crystal-clear waters and the abundance of starfish that rest on the seabed. The name “El Cielo” means “Sky” in Spanish, inspired by the starfish that resemble stars scattered across the ocean floor.

Accessible only by boat, this stunning site is a favorite for snorkeling and swimming, offering visitors the chance to enjoy calm, knee-deep to waist-deep waters and vibrant marine life, including stingrays, tropical fish, and colorful coral.

Cozumel’s unique charm

Cozumel offers a unique blend of adventure and tranquility. Whether you’re diving into its crystal-clear waters, or simply enjoying its peaceful beauty, Cozumel is a destination that promises an unforgettable experience.

Cenotes, lagoons, ancient archaeological sites, coral reefs, and dream beaches where you can enjoy local cuisine. We all know Cancun, Riviera Maya, Tulum, or Playa del Carmen, but the Mexican Caribbean hides more secrets.

Isla Mujeres, Holbox, Puerto Morelos, Cozumel, Maya Ka’an, Mahahual, Bacalar, and Chetumal share a unique natural, archaeological, gastronomic, and cultural heritage, as well as a great offer for relaxation and adventure.

What better way to explore this coastal paradise than on a scenic road trip where you can plan your route and itinerary? The suggested itinerary below includes car rental and accommodation at the main stops along the route.

Are you up for the experience? The various suggested excursions and visits are for guidance only, so if there is any detail you would prefer to change, Viajes El Corte Inglés can help you design a trip adapted to your tastes and needs.

The Gulf of Mexico is home to a diverse array of marine life, including fish species such as red snapper, amberjack, and grouper, as well as shrimp, crabs, and oysters. The nutrient-rich waters support robust fishing industries.

Historically, the Gulf of Mexico played a pivotal role in Spanish exploration and colonization. It served as an important route for Spanish expeditions, allowing travel to the mainland and the establishment of key settlements.

The origins of the name

The Aztecs called it Chalchiuhtlicueyecatl (“House of Chalchiuhtlicue”) after the goddess of water and seas. Aztecs also called the ocean “ilhuicaatl” (“sky water”), believing that the sea merged with the sky beyond the horizon.

The Mayans relied on the gulf for trade and likely called it nahá (“great water”).

The Gulf of Mexico was named by Spaniards because it served as a crucial route to Mexico-Tenochtitlán, the former capital of the Aztec Empire. The name stuck, as ships had to cross the gulf to reach the former Aztec capital.

How the name evolved

Over centuries, explorers and cartographers used various names for the gulf, reflecting their different viewpoints, perspectives, and political influences. Early maps and nautical charts showed the gulf but didn’t label it.

At different times, the gulf was called by different names:

• Sea of the North (Mar del Norte) – Used by Hernán Cortés in the 1500s.
• Gulf of Florida (Golfo de Florida) – Used by Spanish explorers.
• Gulf of Cortés (Golfo de Cortés) – Possibly honoring Hernán Cortés.
• Gulf of St. Michael (Sinus S. Michaelis) – Found on some Latin maps.
• Gulf of Yucatán (Golfo de Iucatan)
• Yucatán Sea (Mare Iuchatanicum) – Referencing the Yucatán Peninsula.
• Great Antillean Gulf (Sinus Magnus Antillarum) – A broader Caribbean name.
• Cathayan Sea (Mare Cathaynum)
• Gulf of New Spain (Golfo de Nueva España) – Reflecting Spanish control.
• Great Bay of Mexico – Used on English maps from 1700.

An English nautical chart from 1700 labels the body of water as the “Great Gulf of Mexico”. Another English nautical chart from 1775 labels it as the “Gulf of Mexico”, but “Mexico” is now used as an alternative name for New Spain.

In the 18th century, Spanish admiralty charts similarly labeled the gulf as “Ensenada Mexicana” (Mexican Cove) or “Seno Mexicano” (Mexican Sound). Until 1836, Mexico’s coastal boundary extended eastward along the gulf.

The Gulf of America?

The term “Gulf of Mexico” first appeared on a world map as early as 1550 and in historical texts by 1552. By the mid-17th century, it had become the most widely used name for the gulf, and French Jesuits began using it by 1672.

Over time, the term “Gulf of Mexico” has become generally accepted.

In 2025, one self-absorbed guy renamed the Gulf from Mexican to American. But no matter how hard he tried, the world continues to call it the Gulf of Mexico. History and geography don’t change with just one executive order.

The Gulf was already called Mexican long before the USA even existed. At the time, the USA was not yet established as a country and was made up of various British, Spanish, French, Dutch, and Native American-controlled regions.

The “Gulf of Mexico” remains the most recognized term worldwide. It reflects the region’s deep indigenous roots and Mexico’s lasting influence. While some may attempt to rename it, history and geography don’t change easily.

The name Gulf of Mexico has been officially recognized by the International Hydrographic Organization. This recognition carries weight, especially since all countries bordering the gulf – Mexico, the USA, and Cuba – are members.

While US presidents change every four/eight years, the Gulf of Mexico has remained a vital hub of trade, culture, and biodiversity for over five centuries, thanks to its rich marine resources and historical significance.

Valeriana was buried under layers of foliage in the dense jungles of Campeche and lost to time.

Valeriana has been revealed as one of the largest cities of the ancient Mayan world. Valeriana, the city remained hidden for centuries, but recent technological advances and good fortune have brought it back into the spotlight.

Valeriana covers an enormous 16 sq km and contains over 6,400 man-made structures. At its peak, the city is estimated to have supported a population of over 30,000 people, with its heyday dating back to between 750 and 850 CE.

The discovery was largely by chance, using LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology.

Lidar creates highly detailed maps by using laser light to measure distances, revealing hidden structures beneath dense vegetation. The technology has already led to numerous groundbreaking archaeological discoveries in recent years.

But the breakthrough was not due to Lidar alone.

The student at Tulane University, Luke Old-Thomas, stumbled upon a 2013 previously ignored LiDAR map. While browsing the research, he noticed something unusual that had been overlooked – a lost city, long forgotten by time.

Uncovering Valeriana

Named after a nearby pond, Valeriana is a sprawling urban area with two main centers rich in monumental architecture, including large pyramids. The centers are located about a mile apart.

The larger of the two centers shows all the hallmarks of a major political capital from 250 to 900, with ceremonial sites and a ball court. Surrounding the main city are signs of rural villages, agricultural areas, and smaller settlements.

At first glance, the site appears to be a series of burial mounds.

Local farmers have long suspected that there may be ruins beneath them. Remarkably, many of these farmers planted crops directly on top of the ancient structures, unaware of the historical significance beneath their feet.

The site has remained largely untouched and unknown.

The size and significance of Valeriana

Scientists believe it may be the second-largest Maya settlement after Calakmul. The discovery promises to deepen our understanding of the ancient Maya, known for their architecture, urban planning, and agricultural innovations.

One of the key aspects the researchers aim to study is the city’s hydraulic engineering. The inhabitants of Valeriana would have had to develop sophisticated systems to collect and drain rainwater, as the region lacks significant sources of surface water.

The discovery adds to a growing body of evidence that the Maya were not only great builders but also pioneers in sustainable resource management and agricultural practices.

The role of LiDAR in Maya research

LiDAR technology has already revealed a complex network of Maya roads hidden beneath the jungle canopy, and the researchers are now aiming to use it to further understand the urban layout of Valeriana.

The architecture and infrastructure of the site suggest that the Maya were capable of designing highly organized cities with a high degree of urban complexity.

The archaeological community works to study and document the site. Discussions are already underway with local communities to establish a protective perimeter around the archaeological site and prevent potential looting.

A look to the future

The rediscovery of Valeriana highlights the important role that modern technologies play in uncovering the secrets of ancient civilizations. There is a need to develop the resources and expertise needed to understand and protect these sites.

As interest in the Maya civilization continues to grow, studying sites like Valeriana will further our understanding of their complex societies and their impact on the development of cities and infrastructure across the Americas.

Ranked sixth overall in the world’s city rankings, Mexico City proudly ranks third in importance. This achievement highlights the city’s growing influence and its exceptional combination of infrastructure, and cultural richness.

These factors contribute to Mexico City’s central role in Latin America and beyond, positioning it as an important economic hub. Mexico City boasts a unique social diversity that further enhances its importance on the global stage.

According to the global city rankings, the top 10 capitals are:

• Berlin, Germany
• Madrid, Spain
• Mexico City, Mexico
• Tokyo, Japan
• Rome, Italy
• Lisbon, Portugal
• Paris, France
• Lima, Peru
• Budapest, Hungary
• Beijing, China

Mexico City’s position in third place underscores its growing importance also on the global stage, reflecting its increasing influence in geopolitics, and economics, and its ability to shape international trends and cultural exchange.

Mexico: The tourism leader in Latin America

Mexico has long been a leader in tourism in Latin America, attracting millions of visitors each year. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Mexico is the sixth-largest tourism destination in the world.

In 2023, Mexico welcomed more than 38.3 million international tourists. Mexico’s diverse tourist destinations appeal to a wide range of interests, from cultural explorations to relaxing beach vacations.

Some of the top spots include:

• Cancún and Playa del Carmen
• Mexico City
• Chichén Itzá, Tulum, Teotihuacán, and Palenque.

Mexico is a favorite destination in Latin America. One of Mexico’s greatest strengths is its vast diversity of landscapes. Visitors can see everything from the tropical beaches of the Riviera Maya to the arid deserts of Baja California.

The country also boasts lush jungles and rugged mountains, making it a prime destination for nature lovers. This incredible range of environments ensures that Mexico remains a favorite travel destination for millions of people around the world.

Mexico City’s high ranking and the country’s leadership in tourism reflect its dynamic and growing role in the global landscape. Both a cultural and economic powerhouse, Mexico continues to captivate the world with its beauty, history, and diverse attractions.

There are plenty of guided tour options available.

The Yucatán is also an exceptional destination for wildlife lovers, offering diverse ecosystems and unique species in every corner. The region’s wildlife guided tours provide unforgettable experiences for nature enthusiasts.

Here are some of the best wildlife tours to consider when visiting Yucatán.

Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve

The Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most biodiverse areas in Mexico. This vast reserve encompasses tropical rainforests, mangroves, and wetlands, making it a haven for wildlife.

During a guided tour, you can expect to see a variety of species such as jaguars, pumas, monkeys, crocodiles, and an impressive array of birds, including toucans and flamingos.

Highlights:

• Boat tours through mangroves and lagoons
• Birdwatching, including rare species like the jabiru stork
• Wildlife sightings such as dolphins and manatees
• Natural beauty with untouched landscapes

Best time to go: November to April

Cenote and Cave Exploration Tours

The Yucatán Peninsula is famous for its cenotes – natural sinkholes filled with freshwater. These unique environments support a variety of wildlife, including bats, fish, and birds, adding to the cenotes’ mystique atmosphere.

Many cenotes are connected to underground rivers, creating a unique ecosystem. Some of these cenotes are even believed to have been sacred to the ancient Maya, who used them for ritual and offering ceremonies.

Many local tour operators offer trips that combine wildlife observation with cenote exploration. Visitors can swim in crystal-clear waters while spotting various fish species or observe the bat colonies emerging at dusk.

Cenote tours typically include:

• Swimming and snorkeling in cenotes
• Exploring underground caves and tunnels
• Wildlife sightings like fish, bats, and tropical birds
• Learning about the region’s ancient geological formations

Best time to go: Year-round

Ría Lagartos Wildlife Sanctuary

Located along the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, the Ría Lagartos Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area renowned for its birdlife, particularly the large flocks of flamingos that migrate here each year.

A boat tour of this sanctuary allows visitors to spot not only flamingos but also other species such as crocodiles, sea turtles, and various waterfowl. The salt flats and estuaries are teeming with wildlife, making this an excellent spot for nature tours.

Highlights:

• Flamingo watching during the migration season (April to October)
• Boat tours through mangroves and coastal lagoons
• Wildlife sightings like crocodiles and iguanas
• Educational experience on the region’s ecosystems

Best time to go: February to June (flamingo migration season)

Coba and Tulum Jungle Tours

The jungles surrounding the ancient ruins of Coba and Tulum are home to a wide variety of wildlife. Tours in these areas give you the chance to walk through dense rainforests, visit hidden temples, and encounter wildlife along the way.

The area is also known for its cenotes, where you can cool off while observing aquatic life.

Highlights:

• Jungle walks and hiking through lush forests
• Wildlife sightings including monkeys, birds, and reptiles
• Visiting ancient Mayan ruins in the heart of the jungle
• Swimming in cenotes

Best time to go: November to April

Holbox Island Wildlife Tours

Holbox Island, located off the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, is known for its peaceful vibe and incredible wildlife. The island is famous for whale shark sightings during the summer months (June to September).

Guided tours give visitors the chance to swim with these gentle giants, as well as see a variety of other wildlife such as sea turtles, dolphins, and a wide range of seabirds.

Highlights:

• Swimming with whale sharks (seasonal)
• Dolphin watching
• Birdwatching, especially migratory birds like the flamingo
• Exploring the island’s mangroves and beaches

Best time to go: June to September (whale shark season)

Xcaret Eco Park

Xcaret is an eco-archaeological park located near Playa del Carmen, offering a range of activities that focus on the region’s natural wildlife and culture.

Visitors can participate in snorkeling, butterfly and bird sanctuaries, and observe tropical species in natural habitats. It’s a great option for families or first-time visitors who want a mix of wildlife encounters and cultural experiences.

Highlights:

• Exploring the park’s natural pools, caves, and coral reefs
• Observing wildlife in their natural habitats, such as jaguars, turtles, and tropical birds
• Interactive experiences like snorkeling with fish and swimming in underground rivers

Best time to go: Year-round

Tips for a Successful Wildlife Tour in the Yucatán Peninsula

Follow the guidelines provided by the guide to minimize your impact on the environment. Wildlife sightings aren’t guaranteed, so remain patient and quiet while exploring to increase your chances of spotting animals.

Bring lightweight, breathable clothing, sunscreen, and insect repellent.

For beginners, choosing well-marked and relatively easy trails is key to building confidence and endurance. Start with short hikes. Later, as you gain experience, you can gradually progress to more challenging hiking routes.

Aside from the physical benefits, hiking provides a chance to relax, enjoy the fresh air, and appreciate the beauty of the natural world. Whether you’re walking alone, with friends, or in a group, each trail brings a new adventure.

If you’re a beginner hiker looking to explore the great outdoors, Mexico offers beautiful, beginner-friendly hiking trails. With a variety of landscapes, from coastal trails to forested mountains, there’s something for everyone.

Here are the best hiking trails in Mexico for beginners:

Pico de Orizaba National Park (Veracruz/Puebla)

Pico de Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico, may sound daunting, but it offers some gentler trails suitable for beginners. The lower trails in the national park are well-marked and take you through lush forests and along rivers.

Enjoy a relatively easy hike while soaking in the stunning views of the surrounding volcanic landscape.

• Difficulty: Easy to moderate
• Distance: Varies, starting from short hikes
• Best time to go: November to April

La Malinche National Park (Tlaxcala/Puebla)

La Malinche is a beautiful national park with various trails for beginners.

The La Malinche summit trail is a bit challenging but can be enjoyed by those with basic hiking experience. For a more relaxed experience, other routes lead through pine forests, offering beautiful views without being too demanding.

• Difficulty: Moderate
• Distance: 3 to 8 km (depending on the route)
• Best time to go: March to October

Cabo San Lucas (Baja California Sur)

Cabo San Lucas is known for its beautiful beaches, but it also offers some easy coastal hikes that are perfect for beginners. The hiking trails around the arch of Cabo San Lucas are short, well-maintained, and offer fantastic views of the ocean.

These easy hikes are great for beginners who want to experience the stunning desert landscape of Baja California.

• Difficulty: Easy
• Distance: 1.5 to 3 km
• Best time to go: October to May

Barranca del Cobre (Copper Canyon) – Chihuahua

The Copper Canyon is often compared to the Grand Canyon but with fewer crowds and a more relaxed atmosphere. For beginners, there are shorter hikes that lead to viewpoints overlooking the canyon.

The Copper Canyon can be explored via the famous Copper Canyon train route, allowing you to take in the spectacular views without tackling difficult terrain.

• Difficulty: Easy to moderate
• Distance: Varies, with options for short hikes
• Best time to go: March to May

Desierto de los Leones (Mexico City)

Located just outside Mexico City, the Desierto de los Leones National Park offers a variety of easy hiking trails surrounded by forests and wildlife. With peaceful surroundings and scenic views, this is a perfect escape for beginners who want to enjoy nature without straying too far from the city.

• Difficulty: Easy
• Distance: 2 to 5 km
• Best time to go: March to November

Huasca de Ocampo (Hidalgo)

This small town in Hidalgo is home to the Basaltic Prisms, an impressive natural formation of columnar basalt. The trails around the prisms are easy and beginner-friendly, offering beautiful views of the waterfalls and unique rock formations.

It’s an ideal spot for beginner hikers looking for a gentle yet scenic experience.

• Difficulty: Easy
• Distance: 2 to 4 km
• Best time to go: April to October

By choosing the right trail, you’ll be able to enjoy the beautiful landscapes of Mexico while taking it easy on your hiking adventure.

Happy hiking!

Summer vacations are the perfect time to unwind, explore, and create unforgettable memories. Most vacationers seek a mix of relaxation, adventure, and cultural experiences, and Mexico offers all of that in abundance.

Mexico has a rich historical background, which is the perfect opportunity to combine relaxation with a journey into its fascinating past, visit and explore some of its iconic historical sites during your summer getaway.

Chichén Itzá, Yucatán

Chichén Itzá is a must-see destination. This ancient Mayan city is famous for its iconic pyramid El Castillo (Temple of Kukulkan), the Sacred Cenote, and the Great Ball Court to fully appreciate the site’s historical significance.

Visit early in the morning to beat the summer heat and crowds.

Teotihuacán, State of Mexico

Located near Mexico City, Teotihuacán is an awe-inspiring archaeological site.

Teotihuacan is known as the “City of the Gods” and features the massive Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. Walking along the Avenue of the Dead is a glimpse into the grandeur of this ancient civilization.

Palenque, Chiapas

Nestled in the lush jungles of Chiapas, Palenque is a smaller but equally breathtaking Mayan site. The Temple of Inscriptions, which houses the tomb of King Pakal, is a highlight.

Summer is a great time to visit if you enjoy exploring ruins surrounded by nature.

Tulum, Quintana Roo

Tulum combines history with stunning beach views. This ancient Mayan city overlooks the turquoise waters of the Caribbean. Explore the Temple of the Frescoes and the clifftop Castillo for incredible photo opportunities.

Afterward, cool off in the nearby cenotes or relax on the beach.

Monte Albán, Oaxaca

Perched on a hilltop with panoramic views, Monte Albán is one of Mexico’s most important Zapotec archaeological sites. The Great Plaza and the Ball Court are must-see spots.

Guanajuato City, Guanajuato

For a mix of history and charm, head to Guanajuato.

This colonial city is a UNESCO World Heritage site with winding streets, underground tunnels, and beautiful plazas. Visit the Alhóndiga de Granaditas, a historic granary that played a key role in Mexico’s fight for independence.

Uxmal, Yucatán

Another gem of the Mayan world, Uxmal is less crowded than Chichén Itzá but equally impressive. The Pyramid of the Magician and the Governor’s Palace showcase the intricate craftsmanship of the Mayans.

Don’t forget to check out the light and sound show in the evening for an immersive experience.

Puebla City, Puebla

Known for its stunning colonial architecture, Puebla City is a treasure trove of history.

The city’s historic center is a UNESCO World Heritage site filled with churches, convents, and colorful buildings. Visit the Puebla Cathedral and the historic forts of Loreto and Guadalupe, which were key sites in the Battle of Puebla.

Coba, Quintana Roo

If you love adventure, don’t miss Coba. This Mayan site is surrounded by jungle, and you can rent bikes to explore its vast network of paths. Climb the Nohoch Mul pyramid for a breathtaking view of the surrounding landscape.

San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato

A colonial jewel, San Miguel de Allende is known for its cobblestone streets, baroque architecture, and artistic vibe. The iconic Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel is a must-see. Explore the city’s museums, art galleries, and local markets for a full cultural experience.

The opening of Ichkabal to the public was made possible through a special agreement signed on January 10, 2025, which officially granted access to 113 hectares of land, including the Ichkabal archaeological site’s core area.

Quintana Roo is the state with the most archaeological sites open to the public. Thus, Mexico now has 194 archaeological sites open to the public, reinforcing the country’s commitment to preserving its rich cultural history.

The opening of Ichkabal to the public will also boost economic and social development in nearby communities. Around 165 ejidatarios (communal landholders) and their families will directly benefit from the site’s opening.

Ichkabal offers an opportunity to explore one of the most impressive Maya sites in the region, which undoubtedly will become a key stop on the Maya archaeological trail, helping preserve and share the cultural ancient legacy.

A Peek into Maya History

Ichkabal was once part of the thriving Maya civilization during the Classic Period. Its significance dates back to between 200 BCE and 200, during which it played a major role in the development of the Petén architectural style.

Ichkabal stood out for its tall structures, many of which exceeded 40 m in height. These buildings are often grouped in triadic complexes, a characteristic feature of Mayan architecture and elements that visitors can appreciate.

A Legacy of Preservation

Ichkabal’s significance was recognized officially on January 30, 1996, and since the early 2000s, the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) has been working on various restoration and conservation projects.

These efforts have included restoring monumental structures, preserving stucco remains, and uncovering murals, under the guidance of expert archaeologists.

Significant improvements have been made to the site’s infrastructure. These enhancements include the construction of services like parking, ticketing, resting areas, and clear signage to ensure an excellent experience for visitors.

How to Visit Ichkabal

Ichkabal is conveniently located just 40 km from Laguna de los Siete Colores. Access to the site is now easier than ever, thanks to a newly constructed 23-km road that connects to the Tren Maya stations in Bacalar and Chetumal.

The archaeological site is open every day from 8:00 to 17:00, with the last admission at 16:30, making it an ideal destination for history lovers and travelers looking to explore the hidden treasures of ancient Maya civilization.

Traveling alone is like stepping into another world, where you’re both an observer and a participant. It’s the freedom to follow your own pace, wake up with the sun or sleep in, and decide what your adventure will look like.

There’s a certain magic to being your own travel companion, coming face to face with new experiences, and learning what you’re really made of along the way. In Mexico, traveling alone is a whole different kind of immersion.

Mexico is the perfect destination for solo travelers. Whether you’re wandering the ancient ruins, or lounging on the beaches, you’ll quickly realize that experiences are often more personal and meaningful when you’re on your own.

Traveling alone allows travelers to become deeply immersed in the local atmosphere. They are free to make decisions on the fly but also open themselves up to unexpected connections that might not arise in a group setting.

Solo travel often feels like something truly yours, and in Mexico, that sense of ownership is even more profound. Whether you’re a thrill-seeker, a nature lover, or a cultural explorer, there’s something for every type of traveler.

Here’s your ultimate guide to the best adventure tours in Mexico for solo travelers.

Explore the Canyons: Copper Canyon Railway Adventure

Copper Canyon (Barranca del Cobre) in Chihuahua is often called Mexico’s Grand Canyon, but it’s even larger and more diverse.

Adventure highlights:

• Ride the famous El Chepe train through dramatic canyons and scenic landscapes.
• Hike to hidden waterfalls and breathtaking viewpoints.
• Experience the unique culture of the Rarámuri people, known for their long-distance running.

Why it’s great for solo travelers:

• Group tours are common, providing a social setting to meet like-minded adventurers.
• Plenty of guided treks ensure safety and expert insights.

Snorkeling and Diving in Cozumel

The island of Cozumel is renowned for its crystal-clear waters and vibrant coral reefs, making it a dream destination for underwater exploration.

Adventure highlights:

• Snorkel with tropical fish at Palancar Reef and El Cielo.
• Dive at Punta Sur, one of the world’s best dive sites, with intricate caves and marine life.
• Take a glass-bottom boat tour for a unique view of the ocean floor.

Why it’s great for solo travelers:

• Dive shops often host group excursions, creating opportunities to bond with fellow divers.
• The island has a laid-back vibe, perfect for solo exploration.

Hiking and Climbing in the Volcanoes of Puebla

For those who love high-altitude adventures, Mexico’s volcanoes offer incredible challenges and stunning views.

Adventure highlights:

• Hike La Malinche, a dormant volcano with panoramic vistas.
• Climb Iztaccíhuatl, the “Sleeping Woman,” for a multi-day mountaineering experience.
• Enjoy guided treks around Popocatépetl, an active volcano.

Why it’s great for solo travelers:

• Guided tours provide expert knowledge and ensure safety.
• It’s an excellent way to connect with other hiking enthusiasts.

Jungle Adventures in Chiapas

Chiapas is a land of lush jungles, ancient ruins, and cascading waterfalls that feel like stepping into another world.

Adventure highlights:

• Explore the archaeological site of Palenque, surrounded by dense rainforest.
• Take a boat ride through the stunning Sumidero Canyon.
• Visit the waterfalls at Agua Azul and Misol-Ha for refreshing swims.

Why it’s great for solo travelers:

• Small group tours make it easy to socialize while discovering remote areas.
• The region’s rich culture and history offer endless opportunities for solo exploration.

Surfing and Yoga in Sayulita

Sayulita, a bohemian surf town on the Pacific coast, is perfect for solo travelers looking to unwind and catch some waves.

Adventure highlights:

• Take surfing lessons in the warm, beginner-friendly waves.
• Join yoga retreats overlooking the ocean.
• Explore nearby beaches like Playa de los Muertos for a quieter experience.

Why it’s great for solo travelers:

• The town’s relaxed atmosphere makes it easy to meet fellow surfers and yogis.
• Many accommodations cater specifically to solo travelers.

Hot Air Balloon Rides Over Teotihuacan

Experience the ancient city of Teotihuacan from a completely different perspective with a hot air balloon ride.

Adventure highlights:

• Soar over the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon at sunrise.
• Learn about the history of this UNESCO World Heritage Site from expert guides.
• Take a walking tour of the ruins after landing.

Why it’s great for solo travelers:

• Group rides allow you to share the experience with others.
• Solo travelers can easily join guided tours of the archaeological site.

Whale Watching in Baja California

Baja California is one of the best places in the world for whale watching, offering incredible encounters with these majestic creatures.

Adventure highlights:

• Spot gray whales in Magdalena Bay during their migration season.
• Swim with whale sharks in La Paz for an unforgettable experience.
• Kayak along the Sea of Cortez, known as the “Aquarium of the World.”

Why it’s great for solo travelers:

• Many eco-tours are designed for small groups, fostering camaraderie.
• Knowledgeable guides make the experience educational and engaging.

Tips for Solo Adventure Travelers in Mexico

• Book group tours or guided experiences to meet other travelers and ensure safety in remote areas.
• Learn basic Spanish phrases to communicate with locals and enhance your experience.
• Stay in hostels or guesthouses to connect with fellow adventurers.
• Research your destination thoroughly, including local customs, weather conditions, and safety guidelines.
• Pack light but smart, including sturdy shoes, sunscreen, and reusable water bottles.

Plan Your Mexican Adventure Today!

Mexico is brimming with opportunities for solo travelers to explore, connect, and challenge themselves. Whether you’re diving into Cozumel’s underwater world, hiking volcanoes, or surfing the waves in Sayulita, adventure awaits at every corner.

Start planning your trip and discover why Mexico is a top destination for solo adventurers!

Mexico’s beaches are more than just picturesque landscapes, they’re places where families can bond, explore, and relax. Whether you’re looking for adventure or relaxation, Mexico’s diverse beaches have something for every family.

Here are the top beaches that promise a fantastic family vacation.

Playa del Carmen

Nestled along the Riviera Maya, Playa del Carmen is a gem for families.

The soft, sandy shores and calm, shallow waters make it safe for kids to splash around.

• Eco-parks like Xcaret and Xplor: These parks offer interactive experiences, including snorkeling, zip-lining, and cultural shows.
• Local dining: Beachfront restaurants serve kid-friendly menus alongside authentic Mexican cuisine.

Playa Tortugas in Cancun

Known for its clear, turquoise waters and gentle waves, Playa Tortugas is perfect for families seeking a laid-back beach day.

• Safe swimming areas: Lifeguards are often present, providing added peace of mind.
• Activities: Paddleboarding, snorkeling, and even bungee jumping for the adventurous.
• Family-friendly eateries: Enjoy casual dining with ocean views.

Los Muertos Beach in Puerto Vallarta

Despite its name, Los Muertos Beach is one of the liveliest and most family-friendly beaches in Puerto Vallarta. It features:

• Beach activities: Live music and performances keep everyone entertained.
• Whale-watching excursions: A seasonal activity that’s perfect for families.
• Boardwalk Strolls: The nearby Malecon boardwalk features shops, art galleries, and kid-friendly attractions.

Paraiso Beach in Tulum

Playa Paraiso lives up to its name, offering a slice of paradise for families. This beach boasts:

• Pristine white sand: Perfect for building sand castles.
• Shallow water: Great for small children.
• Nearby Mayan ruins: Combine history and fun with a visit to the nearby Tulum ruins.

Playa Norte in Isla Mujeres

Located just a short ferry ride from Cancun, Playa Norte in Isla Mujeres is a must-see for families. It features:

• Crystal-clear, shallow water: Perfect for safe swimming and snorkeling.
• Relaxed atmosphere: Perfect for families looking to get away from the hustle and bustle.
• Local Charm: Small beach bars and shops add to the island’s appeal.

Playa Brujas in Mazatlan

For families with older kids or teens who love surfing, Playa Brujas is a great choice. Highlights include:

• Surfing lessons: A fun way to introduce teens to the waves.
• Quiet location: Lively, but less crowded than other popular beaches.
• Fresh seafood: Treat the family to delicious local cuisine.

Bahias de Huatulco in Huatulco

A hidden gem of Oaxaca, this collection of nine coves offers something for every member of the family.

• Snorkeling and diving: Explore vibrant marine life in crystal-clear waters.
• Ecotourism: Families can visit coffee plantations and enjoy nature tours.
• Secluded beaches: Perfect for a quiet family picnic.

Tips for a successful family beach vacation

• Bring sunscreen, hats, snacks, and plenty of water.
• Research kid-friendly attractions and book tours in advance.
• Always supervise children and check local weather conditions.

Start planning your next family vacation to one of these incredible beach destinations.

Mexico is home to several impressive blue holes. These amazing underwater formations are found mainly in the coastal regions, particularly along the Yucatán. Here are a few other blue holes in Mexico worth mentioning:

• The Blue Hole of Xcalak
• Cenote Angelita
• Cenote Calavera
• Cenote Dos Ojos
• The Blue Hole of Cozumel
• Taam Ja in Chetumal Bay

Blue holes were formed during the Ice Age when sea levels were 100 to 120 meters lower. Blue holes were formed when rainwater eroded limestone, widening cracks into vast caves and vertical shafts over thousands of years.

When the Ice Age ended and global temperatures rose, melting glaciers caused sea levels to rise significantly, flooding these limestone formations. Over time, these previously open caves and caverns were filled with seawater.

Thus, were created the spectacular underwater sinkholes we now call blue holes.

Their strikingly clear water and often circular appearance are the result of their geological origins and the minimal mixing between fresh and saltwater layers, leading to unique ecosystems and fascinating diving sites.

Little research has been done on blue holes so far due to their inaccessibility to humans. These formations are filled with hydrogen sulfide, making it dangerous for humans to enter the abyss without the proper equipment.

Despite the inhospitable conditions, blue holes are teeming with life adapted to low-oxygen environments. This lack of oxygen has the side effect of perfectly preserving fossils, allowing scientists to identify extinct species.

Here are a few other blue holes in Mexico worth mentioning:

The Blue Hole of Xcalak

This blue hole is part of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, the second-largest coral reef in the world. This blue hole is famous for its remarkable biodiversity and pristine waters, which make it a popular spot for divers.

It is also an important site for scientific research due to its rich ecosystem.

Cenote Angelita

Cenote Angelita, located near Tulum, is a particularly striking blue hole in Mexico.

Unlike typical blue holes, Cenote Angelita contains a layer of hydrogen sulfide between two layers of water. This creates a surreal cloud effect in the center of the cenote, where freshwater and saltwater meet.

It is often explored by experienced divers due to its unique underwater features.

Cenote Calavera

Cenote Calavera is another unique blue hole in the Yucatán Peninsula, near Tulum. This cenote is characterized by a large opening in the ceiling, which resembles a skull, and it is often referred to as the “Cave of the Skull.”

It’s one of the most popular cenotes for diving and snorkeling.

Cenote Dos Ojos

One of the most famous cenotes of the Riviera Maya, Cenote Dos Ojos (“Two Eyes Cenote”) consists of a series of blue holes connected by a complex underwater cave system. It is an important site for cave diving.

The Blue Hole of Cozumel

The Blu Hole of Cozumel is an underwater cavern surrounded by vibrant coral reefs and is known for its crystal-clear waters. The Blu Hole of Cozumel is a popular destination for a diving experience compared to other blue holes.

Taam Ja in Chetumal Bay

Taam Ja is the deepest known blue hole in the world, with a depth of over 420 m.

The unique conditions within Taam Ja, including its still waters and low oxygen levels, offer invaluable insights into the geological history and prehistoric life. Taam Ja continues to captivate both scientists and adventurers.

Mexico’s blue holes continue to fascinate scientists and divers. These submerged wonders offer a glimpse into the planet’s geological past and provide vital insights into the preservation of marine life in extreme conditions.

Are you planning a February getaway to Mexico? Whether you’re looking to relax on beautiful beaches, dive into history, or immerse yourself in local festivals, February is a good choice for the following destinations.

Top Mexican destinations and cultural events in February.

Cancun and the Riviera Maya

Cancun and the Riviera Maya are among the most popular vacation spots year-round. February, in particular, offers pleasant weather, with temperatures ranging between 20°C and 27°C, making it ideal for beach activities.

Weather Conditions:

• Average temperatures: 20°C – 27°C
• The dry season is perfect for outdoor activities and beach relaxation

Cultural Events:

Cancun hosts a lively Carnival celebration with parades, music, and dancing. Although Carnival celebrations in Cancun may not be as large as those in other parts of the country, the festive atmosphere is contagious.

Mexico City

Mexico’s capital is an exciting destination for those interested in history, and culture. February is an excellent time to explore the city, with temperatures ranging from 6°C to 23°C. The weather is cool, dry, and sunny, making it perfect for sightseeing.

Weather Conditions:

• Average temperatures: 6°C – 23°C
• Cool and dry, perfect for exploring the city

Cultural Events:

Festival del Centro Histórico celebrates Mexico City’s rich cultural scene with performances, art exhibitions, and concerts. The “Dia de la Candelaria” on February 2, is celebrated with processions, feasts, and dancing.

Oaxaca

Oaxaca is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, and colonial architecture. In February, the city enjoys mild weather, with temperatures between 10°C and 27°C, making it a fantastic destination for those seeking a relaxed vacation.

Weather Conditions:

• Average temperatures: 10°C – 27°C
• Pleasant and mild, ideal for walking around the city and exploring

San Miguel de Allende

San Miguel de Allende is known for its colonial charm, cobblestone streets, and vibrant arts scene. The weather in February is ideal for exploring the city’s picturesque streets, with temperatures between 7°C and 24°C.

Weather Conditions:

• Average temperatures: 7°C – 24°C
• Cool mornings and evenings, but warm during the day, perfect for outdoor activities

Cultural Events:

The Music Festival is a celebration of classical music, with performances from international artists. For jazz enthusiasts, Festival de Jazz y Blues brings together some of the best jazz musicians for a week of incredible performances.

Puerto Vallarta

Located on the Pacific Coast, Puerto Vallarta is known for its beautiful beaches, charming Old Town, and vibrant nightlife. The weather in February is perfect for beachgoers, with temperatures ranging from 16°C to 27°C.

Weather Conditions:

• Average temperatures: 16°C – 27°C
• Dry, sunny weather ideal for water sports and beach relaxation

Cultural Events:

Festival Vallarta Azteca celebrates traditional Mexican music and dance, especially focusing on the indigenous cultures of the region.
Puerto Vallarta holds its own version of Dia de la Candelaria, complete with processions and gatherings.

La Paz (Baja California Sur)

La Paz, located in Baja California Sur, offers a more tranquil and natural experience compared to other popular tourist spots. In February, the weather is mild and comfortable, with temperatures between 13°C and 24°C.

Weather Conditions:

• Average temperatures: 13°C – 24°C
• Dry, with mild temperatures perfect for outdoor exploration

Cultural Events:

Carnaval La Paz takes place in February. This is a lively Carnival celebration that features parades, music, dancing, and traditional Mexican costumes, adding an exciting cultural element to your trip.

Los Cabos

Los Cabos, located at the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula, is a perfect blend of luxury, adventure, and natural beauty. February weather is ideal for outdoor activities, with temperatures between 16°C and 27°C.

Weather Conditions:

• Average temperatures: 16°C – 27°C
• Warm and sunny, ideal for a variety of outdoor activities

Cultural Events:

The Festival of the Arts in Los Cabos takes place in February and celebrates its artistic community with a festival that includes art exhibitions, live music, and performances.

Mexico in February offers a variety of destinations suited to different interests, from relaxing beach resorts to vibrant cultural cities. February is a fantastic time to visit. Your vacation in Mexico is sure to be an unforgettable experience.

No matter what kind of getaway you’re looking for, Mexico offers the perfect backdrop to start your year with adventure, relaxation, and cultural immersion. Pack your bags and let January take you somewhere extraordinary!

Cancún: A Beach Lover’s Paradise

January in Cancún means perfect weather – sunny skies and average temperatures of around 27°C. Cancún offers pristine white-sand beaches and turquoise waters that are perfect for swimming, snorkeling, and diving.

• Explore nearby Isla Mujeres for a tranquil day trip.
• Visit the Underwater Museum of Art (MUSA).
• Experience vibrant nightlife at spots like Coco Bongo.

Mexico City: A Cultural Wonderland

Mexico City is a dream destination for immersing in the culture and history of the country. January is the perfect time to explore the city, from historic landmarks to vibrant neighborhoods brimming with art, food, and tradition.

• Explore the Historic Center and Chapultepec.
• Visit the National Museum of Anthropology.
• Take a boat ride along the famous canals of Xochimilco.
• Take a day trip to the nearby Teotihuacán Pyramids.

Oaxaca: Culinary and Cultural Delights

Oaxaca offers a vibrant mix of culinary delights and deep-rooted traditions. This charming city comes alive in January, providing the perfect opportunity to explore its unique offerings without the bustling holiday crowds.

• Taste authentic Oaxacan cuisine like mole and tlayudas.
• Explore the Monte Albán archaeological site.
• Visit the Santo Domingo Church and artisan markets.

Puerto Vallarta: Nature Meets Luxury

Nestled on the Pacific coast, Puerto Vallarta offers the perfect mix of luxury resorts, charming old-town vibes, and outdoor adventures. January is also whale-watching season, making it an extra-special time to visit.

• Watching humpback whales in Banderas Bay.
• Walking along the Malecón boardwalk for art, food, and stunning sunsets.
• Take a boat trip to Yelapa, a secluded beach village.

San Miguel de Allende: Timeless Charm

San Miguel de Allende is a colonial city in central Mexico, renowned for its well-preserved colonial architecture and artistic ambiance. January’s pleasant weather makes it a joy to explore its cobblestone streets.

• Visit the iconic Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel.
• Relax in the natural hot springs at La Gruta Spa.
• Discover local art in the city’s many galleries.

Tulum: A Blend of History and Serenity

Tulum is the perfect destination on the Riviera Maya, for travelers seeking relaxation. Tulum is quieter and more relaxed compared to Cancún, offering a peaceful escape with its serene beaches and laid-back atmosphere.

• Explore the Tulum Ruins overlooking the Caribbean Sea.
• Take a swimming and snorkel tour in nearby cenotes.
• Enjoy eco-chic accommodations and healthy dining options.

Copper Canyon: An Off-the-Beaten-Path Adventure

If you’re looking for something unique, head to the Copper Canyon in northern Mexico. This natural wonder, often compared to the Grand Canyon in the USA, offers breathtaking views and thrilling activities.

• Take the Chepe Train for panoramic canyon views.
• Hiking or zip-lining through rugged landscapes.
• Learning about the Tarahumara indigenous culture.

January is the perfect combination of cool, dry weather, making it the perfect time to explore Mexico’s diverse landscapes. The month is packed with cultural events that showcase the country’s rich traditions.

Discounts after the holiday season make January a budget-friendly time to travel.

One of the frequently asked questions is: Are Mexican beaches safe from shark attacks? What is the shark safety situation on Mexican beaches? What do tourists need to know and how can they ensure a safe beach holiday?

Mexico’s beaches offer a mix of bustling resort areas. Whether you’re heading to the Caribbean coast, the Pacific side, or the Baja Peninsula, you’ll find idyllic spots for water sports, sunbathing, and exploring marine life.

However, while Mexican beaches are generally safe, it is always wise to keep some basic safety measures and precautions in mind, especially when diving into the water. One concern that may arise is the presence of sharks.

But how likely is it to encounter a shark while surfing or swimming in the sea?

Shark Warnings and Precautions

Sharks are associated with danger, but the truth is that shark attacks on humans are rare. There are over 500 species of sharks, but only a few are known to pose any danger to humans, and even then, the risk is extremely low.

Mexico takes beach safety seriously.

There are various measures in place to protect beachgoers from the dangers of the sea. Popular tourist areas sometimes install nets or shark barriers to create safe swimming areas and reduce the chance of shark intrusion.

Mexico also uses shark monitoring programs that issue warnings about shark sightings. These warnings are usually distributed via beach flags, social media, or local news, helping vacationers and beachgoers stay informed.

Beach destinations in Mexico employ local guides or lifeguards who are knowledgeable about the marine life in the area. Always listen to their advice regarding water conditions and safety, and follow posted signs or warnings.

Mexico’s beaches are generally safe from sharks.

Most of the popular beach destinations in Mexico take steps to ensure the safety of tourists. Shark attacks are extremely rare, and the chances of encountering a shark while swimming or enjoying water sports are low.

To stay safe, avoid wild remote beaches, which are generally less developed.

Wild beach areas don’t have the same safety measures as tourist-oriented beaches. Pay attention to local shark warnings, avoid swimming early in the morning or late at night, and follow the advice of local guides or lifeguards.

The refreshing waters, combined with the stunning surroundings of stalactites, and rock formations make Mexico’s cenotes a must-visit and an unforgettable destination for swimmers, snorkelers, and nature lovers alike.

At many cenotes, visitors can rent masks, snorkels, and fins.

Swimming in Cenotes

Enjoy the tranquility of each unique cenote.

Swimming in cenotes is a unique experience that differs from beach swimming. The water in cenotes is often incredibly clear, due to the filtration process that occurs as rainwater seeps through the porous limestone rock.

The clarity of waters in these natural pools makes them ideal places for swimmers to enjoy the underwater landscape, whether they are simply taking a dip in the water or exploring the depths of the cenote by snorkeling.

The temperature in cenotes’ water ranges between 24°C to 26°C, making them an inviting refuge from the heat of the surrounding jungle or coastal areas, especially on a hot day, providing a natural swimming experience.

Ideal Conditions for Snorkeling

Yucatan cenotes are ideal spots for snorkeling due to their remarkable visibility.

The underwater world of a cenote can vary. Some cenotes have open, shallow areas with brightly lit water, while others have deep, cavernous areas lit by shafts of sunlight filtering through cracks in the cave ceilings.

Snorkelers can explore these crystal clear waters to see colorful fish, unique rock formations, and sometimes even small underwater caves. The calm waters of a cenote make it easy to swim and drift with the current.

Some cenotes have underground rivers or hidden passages that connect different parts of the cenote, creating labyrinths that lead to secluded chambers, deeper pools, or isolated sections, dividing the cenote into areas.

This complex network complements the underwater world, making it even more exciting and offering visitors an unforgettable journey and opportunity to see the mysterious beauty hidden beneath the Yucatan surface.

Safety While Swimming and Snorkeling

Always follow the guidelines provided by the cenote operators.

While cenotes offer an extraordinary swimming experience, it’s important to approach them with caution. Many cenotes have designated swimming areas, and it’s important to respect these boundaries for your own safety.

Get informed about the water depth. Cenotes can range in depth, with some being shallow and others plunging deep, up to 30 meters or even more. Always be mindful of your swimming abilities and the depth of the water.

Although most cenotes in Yucatan are renowned for their crystal clear water, the water visibility can vary depending on several factors, including the time of year, seasonal water flow, and prevailing weather conditions.

During periods of rainfall, the water may become less clear, slightly altering the normal clarity. These changes are temporary, and the beauty of each cenote remains an unforgettable experience regardless of the conditions.

Read more about cenote safety in Mexico.

Best Cenotes for Swimming and Snorkeling

Some cenotes are better suited for snorkeling than others, especially those that are semi-open or completely open to the sky.

Open cenotes like Cenote Ik Kil, Cenote Dos Ojos, and Cenote Xqueken offer the perfect balance of crystal clear water, natural light, and aquatic life, making them ideal for a relaxing swim or snorkeling adventure.

Snorkeling in caves such as Cenotes Angelita and Taak Bi Ha offers the amazing opportunity to dive into underwater caves with impressive stalactites hanging from the ceiling, creating a surreal and otherworldly atmosphere.

The Magic of Cenote Swimming and Snorkeling

Swimming and snorkeling in the Yucatan cenotes, in the middle of the lush jungle, is an opportunity to connect with nature surrounded by ancient rock formations in the same waters that were once sacred to the Mayans.

Whether you’re floating in the sunlight of an open cenote or exploring the hidden, tranquil depths of a cavernous sinkhole, these cenote experiences are one-of-a-kind and should not be missed during your visit to the Yucatán.

This period is a testament to human ingenuity, resilience, and creativity. Spanning thousands of years, it offers insight into the region’s profound contributions to agriculture, architecture, astronomy, and governance.

Let’s explore the Mexican pre-Hispanic past through distinct periods and milestones, from the earliest human settlements to the rise of advanced civilizations and their eventual collapse during the Spanish conquest.

Let’s break it down into a timeline for easier understanding:

Prehistoric Period (Before 2500 BCE)

The Prehistoric Period marks the earliest human presence in Mesoamerica.

These Paleo-Indian societies lived as hunter-gatherers, adapting to diverse environments. Over time, agriculture began to take root, with the domestication of maize laying the foundation for settled life and future civilizations.

• 10,000 BCE: Early human settlement in the Paleo-Indian period.
• 8000 BCE: Evidence of domesticated maize; beginning of agriculture in Mesoamerica.

Archaic Period (2500 BCE – 1500 BCE)

Societies transitioned from nomadic lifestyles to farming-based communities.

This era saw the cultivation of staple crops like beans, squash, and chili peppers. Innovations such as pottery, weaving, and permanent villages symbolized the growing complexity of early Mesoamerican culture.

• Transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled farming communities.
• Development of crops like beans, squash, and chili peppers.
• Emergence of pottery, weaving, and early village settlements.

Formative (Preclassic) Period (1500 BCE – 200 CE)

The rise of the Olmecs, often called the “Mother Culture” of Mesoamerica.

The Olmec civilization pioneered monumental architecture, developed writing, and introduced calendar systems. Their influence spread across the region, laying the groundwork for future advanced societies.

Olmec Civilization (1500 BCE – 400 BCE):

• 1200 BCE–900 BCE: San Lorenzo
• 900 BCE–400 BCE: La Venta
• Development of monumental architecture, early writing, and calendar systems.

Classic Period (200 – 900)

The Classic Period marked the height of cultural and intellectual achievements.

Teotihuacan became a sprawling metropolis with grand pyramids and trade networks. Meanwhile, the Maya civilization excelled in astronomy, mathematics, and hieroglyphic writing, leaving behind iconic cities like Tikal and Palenque.

The Zapotecs flourished in Monte Albán, showcasing architectural and artistic sophistication.

Teotihuacan (200 – 750):

• Large-scale urbanization, trade networks, and intellectual achievements.
• Known for the Pyramid of the Sun and Moon and the Avenue of the Dead.
• The city served as a major religious and economic center.

Maya Civilization (200 – 900):

• Flourished in the southern lowlands.
• Advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and hieroglyphic writing.
• Notable cities: Tikal, Palenque, and Calakmul.

Zapotec Civilization:

• Major city: Monte Albán.
• Known for its unique hieroglyphic writing system and elaborate tombs.
• Monte Albán functioned as a key political and ceremonial site.

Postclassic Period (900 – 1521)

The Postclassic Period was a time of change and consolidation.

The Toltecs emerged with its militaristic culture and iconic statues in Tula.

The Mixtecs became renowned for their metalwork and codices, and the Aztecs rose to prominence, establishing Tenochtitlán, mastering agriculture, and forming the powerful Triple Alliance before their dramatic fall.

Toltec Civilization (900 – 1150):

• Capital: Tula.
• Known for warrior statues and influence on later cultures.

Mixtec Civilization (1000 – 1521):

• Skilled in metalwork and painted codices.
• The Mixtecs excelled in goldsmithing and crafting intricate jewelry.

Aztec Civilization (1325 – 1521):

• 1325: Founded Tenochtitlán.
• 1428: Formed the Triple Alliance.
• Advanced agriculture, trade, and military power.
• Practiced human sacrifice.

Spanish Conquest (1519 – 1521)

The arrival of Hernán Cortés in 1519 marked the beginning of the Spanish Conquest.

The Aztec Empire succumbed to European diseases, advanced weaponry, and alliances between the Spaniards and the indigenous. The fall of Tenochtitlán ended the pre-Hispanic era, ushering in a new chapter in Mexican history.

• 1519: Hernán Cortés lands on the Yucatán Peninsula.
• 1521: Fall of Tenochtitlán and end of the Aztec Empire.

The history of pre-Hispanic Mexico is a testament to its ingenuity, resilience, and cultural brilliance. These civilizations laid the foundations of Mesoamerican identity. Their achievements in agriculture, architecture, art, and science continue to inspire awe and admiration.

The legacy of these ancient societies lives on in the traditions, languages, and archaeological wonders of Mexico. Exploring this timeline reveals not only a vibrant past but also the enduring spirit of a people who shaped the cultural heritage of the Americas.

From the vibrant nightlife and turquoise waters of Cancun to the tranquil cenotes of Tulum and the golden sands of Puerto Vallarta, these are often the first places that come to mind when imagining a Mexican beach holiday.

Beyond these destinations lies a wealth of equally exciting but often overlooked coastal treasures – the Gulf Coast, which offers a tranquil and unique coastal experience that sets it apart from its more well-known counterparts.

Unlike the busy tourist hubs of the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, the beaches of the Gulf of Mexico offer a unique off-the-beaten-path charm that invites visitors to slow down and embrace a more relaxed pace of beach life.

With calm, gentle waters, pristine mangroves, and an emphasis on ecotourism, the Gulf Coast offers a tranquil alternative to other Mexican coastlines, offering the opportunity to deeply connect with nature and local culture.

Comparing Caribbean, Pacific, and Gulf Coast beaches

Mexico’s diverse geography gives rise to three distinct coastal experiences:

The Caribbean Coast:

• The eastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula
• Main destinations: Cancun, Tulum, and Playa del Carmen.
• Powdery white sands, turquoise waters, and vibrant coral reefs.
• Perfect for snorkeling and diving.
• Highly developed resorts, lively nightlife, and ancient Mayan ruins.
• The Great Mayan Reef, cenotes, and many eco- and theme parks.

The Pacific Coast:

• Stretching from Baja California to Oaxaca.
• Main destinations: Puerto Vallarta, Acapulco, and Mazatlán.
• Dramatic cliffs, golden sands, and powerful waves.
• Ideal for surfing.
• A mix of luxury and adventure, with areas maintaining a bohemian vibe.
• Whale watching in Baja, surfing in Oaxaca, and fishing villages.

The Gulf Coast:

• Includes Campeche, Tabasco, Veracruz and Tamaulipas states.
• Calm waters, mangroves, and beaches with darker, sometimes clay-like sand.
• Quieter and less commercialized, with a focus on cultural and ecological tourism.
• Mangrove tours, birdwatching, and historical landmarks.

Each Gulf Coast destination offers its unique charm, from the mangroves and Mayan history of Campeche to the cultural richness of Veracruz, the culinary delights of Tabasco, and the natural beauty of Tamaulipas.

Gulf Coast invites you to explore its hidden gems.

Often referred to as the “Sistine Chapel of Mexico”, this 18th-century sanctuary is renowned for its stunning Mexican Baroque murals, its historical significance, and its role in the spiritual life of the region.

The sanctuary attracts pilgrims and art lovers alike. With its rich murals, historic significance, and serene atmosphere, it remains a must-see destination for anyone interested in Mexico’s cultural and religious heritage.

A visit to this UNESCO World Heritage site is an unforgettable experience.

The Sanctuary of Jesus Nazareno of Atotonilco is a place for spiritual reflection, where faith, art, and history converge, making it an essential stop for anyone exploring the heart of Mexico’s religious and cultural landscape.

History

The Sanctuary of Atotonilco’s origins trace back to the early 1700s when Father Luis Felipe Neri de Alfaro, inspired by a vision of Jesus crowned with thorns and bearing the cross, began construction on the complex.

Father Neri had a vision of Jesus Christ crowned with thorns and carrying a cross. This vision prompted him to create a sacred space where the faithful could meditate on the Passion of Christ and the mysteries of faith.

In 1740, Father Luis Felipe Neri began construction of the sanctuary. The complex was designed as a retreat center for spiritual exercises based on the teachings of Saint Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order.

The design of the sanctuary reflects its spiritual purpose.

Architecture

The architecture of the Santuario de Atotonilco reflects its deep spiritual connection to Jerusalem. With its high walls, fortress-like exterior, and simple yet imposing design, the church exudes a sense of protection and sanctuary.

The building is oriented east-west, with the entrance facing toward Jerusalem. The main altar and Chamber of Glory, with their celestial imagery and depiction of Christ’s resurrection, further reinforce the sacred atmosphere of the site.

The interior

The breathtaking murals make the sanctuary truly exceptional. The murals’ unique style blends Mexican folk Baroque with indigenous influences, creating a deeply personal and cultural interpretation of Christian themes.

The interior is decorated with stunning frescoes and paintings, which cover almost every surface, and vividly depict scenes from the Bible, with particular emphasis on the Passion of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints.

Painted primarily by Antonio Martínez de Pocasangre over three decades, these murals cover nearly every surface of the church, transforming the building into a living canvas of religious devotion.

This has earned the sanctuary the nickname “the Sistine Chapel of Mexico.”

As visitors journey through the church, they are visually led from sin and Hell to the ultimate glory of God’s presence. The ceiling tells the story of Christ’s ministry, from his prayer in Gethsemane to his crucifixion and resurrection.

Father Neri personally oversaw much of the construction and lived in the sanctuary until he died in 1776.

Today, it is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its historical, cultural, and spiritual significance. The sanctuary remains an important religious site, attracting pilgrims and visitors from around the world.

Hidden beauty of Atotonilco Chapels

Santuario de Atotonilco houses several smaller chapels and chambers:

The Capilla del Rosario (Rosary Chapel): Constructed in 1763, this chapel is a masterpiece of religious iconography. The ceiling features a naval battle referencing the Battle of Lepanto, and the walls are adorned with scenes of the mysteries of the Rosary.

The Capilla de Soledad (Chapel of Solitude): A somber chapel dedicated to the Virgin of Sorrows, featuring dark, intimate spaces with powerful depictions of Mary’s grief.

The Capilla de Loreto (Loreto Chapel): Known for its mural of the Annunciation, this chapel is modeled after similar chapels in Italy and Spain and is a testament to the global influence of Baroque art.

A unique landscape

The Santuario de Atotonilco is surrounded by a striking natural landscape.

The area’s dry grasslands, mesquite trees, and thermal springs evoke a deeper sense of place. The sanctuary’s location near freshwater springs further enhances its aura of renewal, making it a perfect setting for meditation and spiritual growth.

The Teotihuacan Valley is situated about 40 kilometers northeast of Mexico City. The Teotihuacan Valley is surrounded by picturesque landscapes, with a mix of mountains and flat terrain that adds to its scenic charm.

The valley enjoys a temperate climate, making it an ideal destination year-round.

The average temperatures range from 14°C to 20°C, with the warmest months being April and May. Rainfall is most common during the summer, from June to September, so carry rain gear if traveling during this period.

What Is the Teotihuacan Valley known for?

Teotihuacan Valley is synonymous with the ancient city of Teotihuacan, one of the largest and most influential cities in Mesoamerica. The Teotihuacan archaeological site is famed for its pyramids and enigmatic history.

• The Pyramid of the Sun is one of the largest pyramids in the world.
• The Pyramid of the Moon is smaller but equally significant.
• The Avenue of the Dead stretches for over 2 km.

The valley is a treasure trove of murals, sculptures, and pottery that showcase the artistic and religious beliefs of the Teotihuacanos. Iconic depictions of deities can be found throughout the archaeological site.

Historical background

Historically, the Teotihuacan Valley has played a major and multifaceted role in shaping the cultural, economic, and political development of Mesoamerica, serving as a foundation for regional growth and connectivity.

The geographic location and resources made the Teotihuacan Valley a strategic location for the emergence of complex societies and trade networks that extended far beyond its borders, influencing surrounding regions.

Long before the city of Teotihuacan arose, the valley supported numerous smaller settlements that laid the foundation for its subsequent success. These communities greatly advanced the region’s agricultural systems.

The production of surplus fueled population growth and trade. The integration into extensive trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices throughout Central Mexico and Mesoamerica.

Teotihuacan flourished between 100 BCE and 750 CE.

Teotihuacan was a center of innovation and influence, leaving a legacy that shaped subsequent civilizations. This interconnected history highlights the importance of the valley as a center of culture, trade, and religion.

Teotihuacan is one of Mexico’s most remarkable archaeological sites. Teotihuacan is located about 50 km northeast of Mexico City, it is home to iconic structures like the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon.

One of the most breathtaking ways to explore this UNESCO World Heritage Site is from above, on a hot air balloon flight. A hot air balloon ride over Teotihuacan offers an unparalleled perspective of this ancient city.

From the air, you can appreciate the site’s sheer scale and layout, marvel at its impressive geometry, and gain a deeper understanding of how this ancient metropolis was designed to align with celestial patterns.

The experience of floating above the valley as the sun rises, casting golden light over the pyramids, is unforgettable. It’s an adventure that combines history, culture, and natural beauty in a single breathtaking moment.

Hot Air Balloon Adventure Over Teotihuacan Valley

Teotihuacan was a religious and cultural center, and its influence extended far beyond the region. Its layout reflects a deep understanding of astronomy, which is why many believe it was designed to align with the cosmos.

Hot air balloon flights typically reach an altitude of around 500 to 1,000 meters above the ground, depending on weather conditions. This height provides stunning panoramic views of the Teotihuacan Valley and the pyramids.

From a hot air balloon, you gain a new appreciation for this alignment, as well as the scale and ambition of the ancient Teotihuacanos. It’s a chance to reflect on their ingenuity while enjoying a modern-day adventure.

A hot air balloon flight over Teotihuacan is more than just a tour, it’s a journey through time, offering a unique blend of adventure, history, and natural beauty. This is an attraction you won’t want to miss.

The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest pyramid in Teotihuacan and one of the largest pyramids in the world, it stands as a testament to the architectural genius of the Teotihuacanos, the civilization that built it around 200 CE.

Today, the Pyramid of the Sun attracts visitors from all over the world. Its sheer size, intricate history, and mystical aura make it a must-see for anyone interested in Mesoamerican culture and ancient architecture.

The Pyramid of the Sun is a symbol of the Teotihuacanos’ sophisticated understanding of astronomy, religion, and society. This pyramid is one of the greatest ancient wonders and part of Mexico’s rich cultural heritage.

The Construction and Design of the Pyramid of the Sun

The Pyramid of the Sun was constructed in 2 phases with a gap of a few decades.

The first phase occurred around 200 CE, bringing the pyramid to nearly its present size. The second phase added its final dimensions of 225 meters across and 75 meters high, making it the third-largest pyramid globally.

The base perimeter of the Pyramid of the Sun measures almost 795 meters (the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is 146 meters in height), with an angle of slope of 32.5 degrees, giving it a distinctive, symmetrical shape.

The pyramid was constructed using volcanic stone and lime plaster.

The Pyramid of the Sun was once decorated with vibrant frescoes depicting powerful symbols such as jaguar heads, snake rattles, and stars, although the paintings and plaster have long since faded.

The Pyramid’s Alignment and Astronomical Significance

The Pyramid of the Sun was built with precise correspondence with celestial events. This fact indicates the understanding of astronomy by the Teotihuacan and their connection between the cosmos and religious practices.

The pyramid was built on a carefully selected spot in Teotihuacan. The pyramid aligns with the prominent Cerro Gordo mountain to the north, while also marking key positions of the sun during the equinoxes and solstices.

The central location of the Pyramid of the Sun, situated along the Avenue of the Dead between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, further emphasizes its importance in the urban planning of Teotihuacan.

The Sacred Cave Underneath the Pyramid

Beneath the Pyramid of the Sun lies a network of tunnels and caves. Archaeologists have long studied these underground chambers, which were believed to be of great spiritual significance for ancient habitats.

Some researchers suggest that the caves may have been a sacred space representing Chicomoztoc, often referred to as the “Place of the Seven Caves,” a significant location in Aztec and other Nahuatl-speaking cultures.

Chicomoztoc is believed to be the mythical birthplace of several cultures that later populated Central Mexico and Mesoamerica. The concept of Chicomoztoc is deeply woven into the fabric of religion and cosmology.

Mesoamerican mythology

Excavations led by archaeologist Rene Millon in 1959 revealed that these tunnels contained artifacts such as pottery, hearths, and items from other cultures, pointing to the diverse influences that shaped Teotihuacan.

In 1971, a 7-meter-deep pit was discovered at the pyramid’s base, further revealing the importance of the cave system. It is believed that the cave served as a site for rituals, possibly as a royal tomb or a place for offerings.

Recent investigations using muon detectors have suggested the potential presence of undiscovered chambers within the pyramid. However, time has made it difficult to fully understand the function of these chambers.

The Religious and Cultural Significance of the Pyramid

The Pyramid of the Sun was a focal point for Teotihuacan’s religious and political life. The pyramid likely venerated a deity, though the specific identity of this god remains a mystery due to the lack of written records.

The pyramid’s central location underscores its spiritual importance.

Caves, like the one beneath the pyramid, were considered sacred in Mesoamerican cultures. They were viewed as the “wombs of the Earth,” where life and creation originated.

In Aztec religion, caves were linked to the god of the Earth and the god of fire, which highlights the Teotihuacanos’ deep reverence for natural elements and their integration into the religious practices of the time.

Archaeological Discoveries and Artifacts

Excavations around the Pyramid of the Sun have unearthed a range of fascinating artifacts. Obsidian arrowheads, human figurines, and even the burial sites of children have been discovered around the pyramid.

Scholars suggest that these objects may have been used in sacrificial rituals.

These finds help to paint a picture of the spiritual and ceremonial life of Teotihuacan, where the construction of monumental structures like the Pyramid of the Sun was likely tied to complex religious rites.

Teotihuacan is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Mexico.

Located just outside of Mexico City, Teotihuacan offers the opportunity to step back in time and explore one of the most influential cities in Mesoamerica. The visit to Teotihuacan is an experience that is not to be missed.

If you are fascinated by ancient civilizations, the Pyramid of the Moon is a must-see.

The Pyramid of the Moon is the 2nd largest pyramid in Teotihuacan after the Pyramid of the Sun. It is located at the northern end of the Avenue of the Dead and runs through the heart of the ancient city of Teotihuacan.

The Pyramid of the Moon is a monumental pyramidal structure that rises to a height of 43 to 45 meters and spans a base that is 130 to 156 meters long. The Pyramid of the Moon was built between 100 BCE and 450 CE.

The strategic location of the Pyramid of the Moon on the edge of Teotihuacan’s ceremonial plaza and its proximity to the Pyramid of the Sun suggests its importance in the religious and ceremonial life of this ancient city.

History of the Pyramid of the Moon

This enormous structure is a truncated pyramid, its top was cut off to create a flat surface, probably for ceremonial purposes. It is believed to have been dedicated to the Moon Goddess, and there is evidence of rituals and sacrifices performed in honor of this deity.

The construction of the pyramid lasted several centuries, with additions and modifications made over time.

The most notable architectural style of the Pyramid of the Moon is the talud-tablero technique, a distinctive feature of Teotihuacan architecture. This style features slanted (talud) and vertical (tablero) walls.

This design later influences the architecture of the Maya and Aztecs (Mexica).

Symbolism and Function of the Pyramid

The Pyramid of the Moon was a powerful symbol in the Teotihuacan worldview.

Situated at the end of the Avenue of the Dead, its orientation likely reflected the city’s deep connection to the cosmos. It is thought to represent the center of the world, a concept common to many ancient cultures.

The pyramid’s location highlights its role in the cosmic and spiritual layout of the city.

The Plaza of the Moon, which lies in front of the pyramid, contains several altars and a distinctive cruciform structure, highlighting the pyramid’s religious significance and its connection to fertility, the moon, and water.

All these elements were essential to the Mesoamerican worldview.

Excavations and Discoveries

Researchers have discovered tunnels beneath the pyramid, indicating multiple stages of construction. Each new stage was larger and more complex than the last, and each addition was built on top of older structures.

Archaeological excavations beneath the Pyramid of the Moon have provided insights into the history of Teotihuacan. In 2007, beneath the pyramid, was discovered an ancient tomb dating back to the 4th stage of construction.

The tomb contained a human sacrifice, numerous animal remains, and over 400 ceremonial objects. These finds shed light on the rituals performed and provide insight into the religious practices of the Teotihuacan people.

The Pyramid of the Moon Today

Today, the Pyramid of the Moon remains a major tourist attraction and an important archaeological site. Visitors can explore the pyramid and its surroundings, gaining a deeper understanding of the civilization that built it.

The Pyramid of the Moon continues to be a symbol of the mystery and grandeur of the ancient city of Teotihuacan, still capturing the attention of scholars, historians, archaeologists, and travelers from around the world.

Mexico’s ancient civilizations flourished for thousands of years before the arrival of the Spanish at the beginning of the 16th century, leaving a legacy of advanced knowledge, monumental architecture, and rich traditions.

These pre-Hispanic cultures developed advanced knowledge in fields such as astronomy, mathematics, architecture, and agriculture, creating some of the most iconic structures and systems in human history.

The land we now call Mexico previously was a mosaic of interconnected city-states and empires, each with its language, religion, intricate rituals, and traditions, but also linked by trade, warfare, and cultural exchange.

These ancient societies adapted to diverse environments, from the lush rainforests of the south to the arid deserts of the north. They left behind monumental ruins and mysterious cities that speak of their greatness.

Whether through the massive pyramids of Teotihuacan, the complex calendar systems, or the thriving markets of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán, these cultures demonstrated remarkable ingenuity and resilience.

Each culture made its unique contribution to the overall legacy of ancient Mexico.

The Aztec calendar not only tracked time but also guided spiritual, agricultural, and ceremonial life, reflecting the close relationship between the Aztecs and their gods, nature, and the cosmos.

The Aztec calendar was a symbol of their deep connection with the cosmos, the gods, and the rhythms of nature. By combining astronomical observations with religious beliefs, the Aztecs created a system that guided their daily lives, their rituals, and their understanding of the universe.

Among the well-known Mayan calendars, the mystic 819-day calendar stands out as one of the most enigmatic and mysterious, with its deep connections to celestial mechanics and spiritual beliefs of the ancient Mayans.

A Mystical Alignment with the Cosmos

The 819-day calendar is often referred to as the mystical calendar due to its complex design and the mysterious way it aligns with planetary cycles.

Unlike the more well-known Tzolkin, Haab, or Long Count calendars, the 819-day calendar was less commonly used, adding to its mystique. However, its existence has been confirmed through Mayan inscriptions.

Recent research has deciphered its purpose, highlighting its advanced astronomical understanding.

Purpose and Structure of the 819-Day Calendar

At its core, the 819-day calendar was designed to track synodic cycles – the periods during which celestial bodies return to the same position relative to the Sun.

The calendar was divided into four segments of 819 days each, corresponding to the four cardinal directions in Mayan cosmology. These directions were color-coded to represent different aspects of the universe:

• East: Red
• North: White
• West: Black
• South: Yellow

Each direction was not only geographical but also had important spiritual and cosmic significance, reflecting the Mayan’s deep connection between time and the universe.

This structure shows how the Maya skillfully integrated their understanding of the cosmos with their calendrical systems.

Astronomical Significance of the 819-Day Cycle

The most striking feature of the calendar is its focus on celestial events. The Maya used the 819-day cycle to track the movements of the planets visible to the naked eye, including Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus.

The synodic periods of these planets – approximately 780 days for Mars, 399 days for Jupiter, and 378 days for Saturn – are locked into the 819-day cycle, demonstrating the Maya’s ability to observe and measure long-term planetary movements with impressive accuracy.

New Discoveries: Unlocking the Calendar’s Full Potential

For decades, archaeologists and astronomers have been puzzled by the 819-day cycle, unsure how it fits into the broader Mayan calendar system. However, recent research by scientists at Tulane University has finally solved the mystery.

The key to unlocking the calendar’s purpose was to expand the focus beyond individual planetary cycles.

By stretching the 819-day cycle over a period of 20 cycles (16,380 days, or approximately 45 years), the researchers found that all of the major planets in the solar system fit into this structure.

Mercury, in particular, was the missing piece, as its cycle coincided perfectly with the 819-day period, providing a vital link connecting the entire system.

This discovery highlights the Maya’s extraordinary ability to predict planetary movements over decades, demonstrating their advanced understanding of astronomy and time.

Mysticism and Spiritual Significance

The 819-day calendar’s mystical reputation stems not only from its astronomical accuracy but also from its cultural and spiritual significance. The calendar’s association with the cardinal directions and four colors reflects the Maya’s belief in a balanced universe where celestial bodies and earthly events were inextricably intertwined.

The calendar was likely used in ritual ceremonies, helping the Maya align their spiritual practices with celestial events.

Its precise numerical structure, especially the use of the number 819, reflects the Maya’s deep understanding of mathematical cycles and their ability to predict and integrate astronomical phenomena into their daily lives.

The Legacy of the 819-Day Calendar

Although often overshadowed by the more famous Tzolkin and Haab calendars, the 819-day calendar remains a testament to the Maya’s complex understanding of time and the universe.

It offers valuable insights into their worldview, integrating science, spirituality, and mysticism into one coherent system.

As modern researchers continue to study this enigmatic calendar, they are discovering new dimensions of Maya knowledge, enhancing the complexity and depth of their civilization.

Today, the 819-day calendar stands as a symbol of the Maya’s extraordinary intellectual achievements, revealing the profound connections they saw between the heavens and the Earth.

Its rediscovery not only expands our understanding of Mayan astronomy but also deepens our understanding of an ancient wisdom that continues to fascinate scholars and enthusiasts alike.

By studying the 819-day calendar, we gain a deeper understanding of the Mayan celestial world – a world where time was not simply measured, but revered as a force that connected all aspects of life, from the spiritual to the scientific.

The Cantona archaeological site is known for its unique architectural style and strategic importance, and this ancient city offers a glimpse into the vibrant Mesoamerican civilization that rose to prominence after the decline of Teotihuacan.

Cantona was founded near the end of the Preclassic period on rugged volcanic terrain (malpais). Its strategic location allowed Cantona to control vital trade routes to the Gulf of Mexico, strengthening its economy and fueling its growth.

By the Epiclassic period, Cantona had become one of the largest urban centers in Mesoamerica. Cantona covered an impressive 14 sq km and had a population of 80,000 at its peak.

Cantona rivaled contemporary metropolises such as Teotihuacan and Monte Alban. Cantona’s vast layout includes hundreds of residential courtyards, alleys, and plazas, demonstrating the city’s advanced urban planning.

Like many other Mesoamerican cities, Cantona eventually declined.

The reasons remain a matter of debate, but shifts in trade networks and regional conflicts likely played a role. Despite its decline, the city’s architectural and cultural achievements continue to fascinate researchers and visitors.

Today, Cantona stands as a testament to the ingenuity of pre-Hispanic civilizations. Its dry-stone construction, extensive urban planning, and strategic location offer a unique glimpse into Mesoamerican life.

The ruins of Cantona are a treasure trove of history and architectural wonders.

As visitors stroll through its ancient streets, they can witness hundreds of courtyards that once housed a thriving population, and carefully planned walkways and plazas that showcase cutting-edge urban design.

A visit to Cantona is a glimpse into a civilization that thrived without modern building technology.

Cantona is more than just an archaeological site, it is a journey into the ingenuity and resilience of Mesoamerican culture. Whether you are a history buff or a casual traveler, this ancient city promises an unforgettable experience.

A City Born of Volcanic Landscapes

Cantona was founded on rugged volcanic terrain known as malpais.

This feature played a crucial role in shaping its unique urban character. Characterized by sharp, jagged rocks formed by ancient lava flows, this type of landscape provided natural protection from potential invaders.

The uneven terrain also influenced the city’s architectural layout, as builders had to adapt designs to the challenging terrain, resulting in a highly organized yet unconventional urban design.

The volcanic rock used in construction was abundant in the region, allowing for the construction of sturdy buildings and paths without the need for external resources such as mortar or cement.

The adaptability demonstrated by Cantona’s architects highlights their resourcefulness and reflects their deep understanding of the environment. This innovative use of malpais helped the city flourish as a center of trade and culture, offering a strategic advantage for controlling trade routes to the Gulf of Mexico.

Aside from the practical benefits, the volcanic environment added a striking aesthetic to Cantona, with its sharp contrasts of stone blending seamlessly into the natural landscape. This harmony between nature and urban planning is a testament to the ingenuity and vision of Cantona’s pre-Hispanic inhabitants.

Mortarless Architecture

One of Cantona’s most remarkable features is its construction technique.

Unlike many other Mesoamerican cities, Cantona’s buildings were constructed without the use of cement or mortar. This dry-stone technique reflects a deep understanding of local materials and a meticulous approach to construction.

The dense and organized layout of Cantona’s spaces underlines its identity.

Houses, temples, and public spaces were carefully planned to adapt to the volcanic landscape, making efficient use of the resources available. This method distinguishes Cantona architecturally and demonstrates the ingenuity of its builders in overcoming environmental challenges.

Rediscovery of Cantona

The first written mention of Cantona dates back to 1790.

Swiss explorer Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure brought attention to the site during his visit in 1855. Locals referred to the area as the city of Canton, a name that has persisted through the centuries despite debate about its origins.

Historical records like these are invaluable for understanding how indigenous communities used to perceive and name their surroundings. They provide cultural context that enriches the archaeological narrative and helps preserve the legacy of sites like Cantona.

Waterfalls are captivating and awe-inspiring nature treasures. Picture yourself surrounded by lush greenery, breathing in the refreshing mist as water cascades from majestic heights, creating a scene straight out of a dream.

Plan a tour to explore the most impressive waterfalls in Mexico. These waterfalls are some of Mexico’s most popular natural wonders, each offering the opportunity to experience the country’s natural beauty in a different setting.

If you’re planning flights to Mexico, visiting its breathtaking waterfalls is an absolute must. These natural wonders offer a blend of Mexico adventure travel, beauty, and unforgettable experiences, making your trip truly remarkable.

Top waterfalls in Mexico

From the turquoise waters of Agua Azul in Chiapas to the towering heights of Basaseachic Falls in Chihuahua, and serene Tamasopo Falls in San Luis Potosí, Mexican waterfalls captivate visitors with their beauty and power.

Below is a list of 20 popular and visited waterfalls in Mexico.

• Cascadas de Agua Azul (Agua Azul Waterfalls) – Chiapas
• Cascada de Basaseachic (Basaseachic Falls) – Chihuahua
• El Chiflón (El Chiflon Waterfalls) – Chiapas
• Cascadas de Tamasopo (Tamasopo Falls) – San Luis Potosí
• Hierve el Agua (Hierve el Agua Waterfall) – Oaxaca
• Cascada de Tamul (Tamul Waterfall) – San Luis Potosí
• Cascada Cola de Caballo (Cola de Caballo Waterfall) – Nuevo León
• Cascadas de Puente de Dios (Puente de Dios Waterfalls) – San Luis Potosí
• Cascadas de Misol-Ha (Misol-Ha Waterfalls) – Chiapas
• Cascada de Xilitla (Xilitla Waterfall) – San Luis Potosí
• Cascadas de La Huasteca (La Huasteca Waterfalls) – Nuevo León
• Cascadas de El Salto (El Salto Waterfalls) – Jalisco
• Cascada de El Meco (El Meco Waterfall) – Yucatán
• Cascadas de Tlalnelhuayocan (Tlalnelhuayocan Waterfalls) – Veracruz
• Cascada de Chuveje (Chuveje Waterfall) – Chiapas
• Cascada de Ahuatlán (Ahuatlán Waterfall) – Guerrero
• Cascadas de Las Nubes (Las Nubes Waterfalls) – Chiapas
• Cascadas de Matlapa (Matlapa Waterfalls) – San Luis Potosí
• Cascadas de El Cañón del Sumidero (Sumidero Canyon Waterfalls) – Chiapas
• Cascada de La Llovizna (La Llovizna Waterfall) – Tamaulipas

Are you ready for an adventure?

The waterfalls in Mexico are waiting for you! Each one has its distinct features. From natural beauty to the surroundings and adventurous hikes to enjoyable activities, you will find them as a complete fun package to explore in this area.

Don’t miss the opportunity to explore Mexico’s natural sites alongside its stunning beaches. If you are planning to visit Mexico, consider flying with airlines like Aeromexico, British Airways, or AirEuropa for a comfortable journey.

Get ready to enjoy a trip to the best waterfalls in Mexico!

Student Exchange Programs in Mexico

Mexico has established numerous partnerships with universities worldwide, allowing students to participate in exchange programs. These programs are typically designed for undergraduates, graduate students, and even researchers.

Here are some key exchange opportunities:

The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) is one of the largest and most prestigious universities in Latin America. It offers exchange programs focusing on areas like social sciences, engineering, and the arts.

Monterrey Institute of Technology is internationally recognized for its innovation and entrepreneurship programs. It has exchange agreements with over 50 countries and provides programs for international students.

The National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) is one of the largest public universities in Mexico. The institute is a leader in technology and engineering, offering exchange opportunities and internships in some technical fields.

The Mexican government, through the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP), offers scholarships for foreign students to study in Mexico. These scholarships cover tuition, living expenses, and sometimes airfare.

How to Study Abroad in Mexico

If you’re interested in studying in Mexico, here’s a step-by-step guide:

• Research universities and programs
• Language requirements
• Apply for a student visa
• Secure funding

Explore Mexican universities that offer programs in your field of interest. Check their international student policies and application deadlines. Check for scholarships, grants, or financial aid programs.

While many programs are conducted in Spanish, some universities offer courses in English, especially in business and engineering. Proficiency in Spanish can be an advantage.

If your program lasts more than 180 days, you’ll need a student visa. You’ll need a letter of acceptance from a Mexican university, proof of financial solvency, and a valid passport. Arrange accommodation and health insurance.

Popular Fields of Study in Mexico

Mexico’s academic strengths lie in several niches that attract international students:

• Spanish language and literature
• Engineering and technology
• Archaeology and anthropology
• Sustainability and environmental sciences
• Business and entrepreneurship

Mexico is an ideal destination for students looking to master Spanish or delve into Latin American literature and linguistics. Mexico also offers unique opportunities to study Mesoamerican pre-Hispanic civilizations.

The National Polytechnic Institute and Monterrey Institute of Technology excel in engineering, robotics, and information technology. Programs in business administration and entrepreneurship are also popular.

Mexico provides excellent career opportunities. Engineering, business, and environmental sciences align closely with the country’s growing economy, creating pathways for internships and employment in thriving industries.

Studying in Mexico offers more than just academic enrichment. It’s an opportunity to immerse yourself in a culture celebrated for its art, and vibrant traditions. Studying in Mexico can be a transformative experience for everyone.

Mexico City isn’t just a cultural and historical hub, it’s also a key destination for business travelers. As one of Latin America’s most important financial centers, Mexico City often serves as a business stop or layover point for travelers.

If you find yourself in Mexico City for a day, it would be a missed opportunity not to explore this vibrant metropolis. With its rich history, stunning architecture, and world-class cuisine, even a brief visit can leave a lasting impression.

Whether you’re in town for business or just passing through, Mexico City offers plenty of attractions that can be experienced in a few hours. From historical landmarks to breathtaking views and authentic cuisine, there’s something for everyone.

Whether you’re staying near the bustling city center or having a meeting nearby, these suggestions will help you discover the best of the capital without missing a beat. Let’s dive in and explore how to turn your brief stop into an unforgettable adventure.

How to make the most of a short stop in Mexico City?

Mexico City offers a wealth of experiences for the traveler on a tight schedule. Most major attractions are concentrated within the city center and are easily accessible via taxi, rideshare apps, or public transportation.

Whether interested in history, art, or food, Mexico City offers plenty of ways to make your business trip unforgettable – even with just half a day.

Route 1: History and Views

• Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución)
• Torre Latinoamericana
• Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tour

Start at Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución). This iconic square is the heart of Mexico City. Admire the Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Palace with its Diego Rivera murals. Don’t miss the traditional Aztec dancers often performing near the square.

Head to Torre Latinoamericana. Just a 10-minute walk from Zócalo, this skyscraper offers panoramic views of the city from its 44th-floor observation deck. Enjoy a quick coffee or snack at the café while taking in the scenery.

Board a Turibus for a quick overview of the city’s main sights, including Paseo de la Reforma and Chapultepec.

Route 2: Art and Green Spaces

• Palacio de Bellas Artes
• Chapultepec Park

Palacio de Bellas Artes is a breathtaking white-marble palace that stands as a true masterpiece of architecture. Its striking exterior is matched by an equally magnificent interior featuring intricate details and vibrant stained glass.

Inside, the palace houses some of Mexico’s most iconic murals by renowned artists such as Diego Rivera and Rufino Tamayo, making it not only an architectural marvel but also a treasure trove of Mexican art and culture.

Stroll through Alameda Central Park right outside.

Visit Chapultepec Park. If you prefer a break from the urban hustle, head to Chapultepec, one of the largest city parks in the world. Take a leisurely walk or visit Chapultepec Castle for incredible views and historical exhibits.

Route 3: Culture and Food

• Roma or Condesa Neighborhood
• Enjoy Traditional Mexican Cuisine
• Frida Kahlo’s Casa Azul (Optional)

Roma or Condesa Neighborhood are known for their tree-lined streets, boutique shops, and cozy cafés. Enjoy traditional Mexican cuisine, savor tacos, tamales, or a hearty mole dish at one of the many authentic restaurants in the area.

Visit Mercado Roma, a gourmet food market with various local and international flavors.

Stop by Frida Kahlo’s Casa Azul. Located in the charming neighborhood of Coyoacán, just a short drive or rideshare from Roma or Condesa, this museum offers a glimpse into the life of one of Mexico’s most celebrated artists.

Morelia is a must-visit destination for travelers looking to explore the heart of Mexico.

Morelia is more than just a city, it’s a journey through time, culture, and tradition. From its awe-inspiring colonial architecture to its mouthwatering cuisine and vibrant festivals, Morelia offers something for every traveler.

Morelia is well-connected by air and road, making it an accessible destination for international and domestic travelers. The city’s warm and welcoming residents add to its appeal, ensuring you feel at home while exploring its treasures.

Morelia is a Mexican gem, a destination that will leave a lasting impression.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site

The historic center of Morelia is a stunning testament to colonial-era architecture and urban planning. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this area is renowned for its well-preserved structures and unique aesthetic charm.

The historic center of Morelia has impeccably preserved colonial architecture and a harmonious urban layout with cobblestone streets, and over 200 historic buildings from pink quarry stone, giving the city its distinctive charm.

Buildings constructed from iconic pink quarry stone lend the cityscape a warm, rosy hue that becomes even more enchanting at sunset. The cobblestone streets, lined with elegant facades, evoke the grandeur of the Spanish colonial period.

Key landmarks include:

• Morelia Cathedral
• Aqueduct of Morelia
• Palace of Clavijero and the Government Palace

A simple stroll through the Morelia is an immersive journey into the past.

Cultural Richness and Events

Morelia is a thriving cultural hub celebrated for its dynamic arts scene, historic charm, and vibrant traditions. The city pulses with creativity, drawing artists, performers, and cultural enthusiasts from across the globe.

The Morelia International Film Festival (FICM) attracts filmmakers, actors, and cinephiles to celebrate innovative storytelling and filmmaking, offering screenings, workshops, and discussions in iconic venues like the Baroque-era Teatro Ocampo.

Morelia’s festivities create a special magical atmosphere. During the celebration of the Day of the Dead celebrations, Morelia transforms into a kaleidoscope of vibrant marigolds, intricate altars, and candlelit offerings.

Music and dance are also integral to Morelia’s cultural identity. The city hosts numerous concerts, theatrical performances, and festivals, such as the International Music Festival, which brings together world-class musicians across various genres.

The city’s dedication to preserving and promoting its artistic heritage is evident in its many museums and galleries. Museo del Estado and the Casa de la Cultura provide insights into Michoacán’s history, art, and indigenous traditions.

From grand international festivals to intimate community events, Morelia offers a cultural experience that seamlessly blends history, tradition, and modern artistry, making it a must-visit destination for culture enthusiasts.

Culinary Delights

Michoacán is the birthplace of authentic Mexican cuisine. The use of native ingredients like corn, beans, chili, and avocados forms the backbone of the local diet, often combined with techniques passed down through generations.

A visit to Morelia isn’t complete without sampling its signature dishes.

Restaurants range from street vendors offering authentic snacks like gazpachos, a refreshing mix of diced fruit, cheese, and chili powder, to fine dining establishments reinterpreting Michoacán’s flavors in creative ways.

In Morelia, food isn’t just a meal, it’s a narrative of the land, the people, and their heritage. Exploring the city’s culinary delights provides not only a sensory treat but also a deeper connection to Michoacán’s rich cultural tapestry.

Natural Beauty and Day Trips

Morelia is the perfect gateway to explore Michoacán’s stunning natural wonders. The region’s diverse landscapes, ranging from tranquil lakes to dramatic volcanic terrain, offer an unforgettable experience for nature lovers.

Morelia serves as an excellent base for exploring Michoacán’s natural wonders:

• Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
• Lake Pátzcuaro
• Paricutin Volcano

Each of these destinations showcases the diversity and splendor of Michoacán’s landscapes.

Whether you prefer the tranquility of a lake, the mystique of a volcanic wonder, or the vibrant life of migrating monarchs, Morelia offers easy access to some of Mexico’s most captivating natural attractions.

Whether you’re drawn by the cost of living, the vibrant traditions, or the natural beauty, it’s no surprise that people worldwide find it so appealing. And we’ll explore why this destination continues to grow in popularity among expats.

A Vibrant and Affordable Lifestyle

Mexico is one of the most affordable destinations for expats without compromising quality. Housing is often cheaper compared to other popular locations. Whether you’re looking for a quaint apartment in a town or a larger home in an urban area, the options are varied and cost-effective.

Importantly, daily expenses, including food, transportation, and healthcare, are budget-friendly. People moving here often highlight how their financial stress lessens after moving here.

Grocery bills drop when shopping at local markets offering fresh produce and other goods. Public transportation is accessible and inexpensive, making it easy to explore nearby towns or cities.

Rich Culture and Heritage

The traditions of Mexico are a major attraction.

Expats frequently express their amazement at how the country’s history and culture coexist with modernity. From ancient ruins to contemporary art scenes, the country offers a rich experience that’s hard to replicate elsewhere.

In particular, events such as Día de los Muertos draw global admiration for life in Mexico. These celebrations showcase deep connections to history and community values. Art and music also play prominent roles, blending indigenous roots with global influences.

Cities like Oaxaca and Mérida are often at the center of cultural festivals, making them favorite spots for expats.

The architecture further reflects this balance of old and new. Colonial-style buildings share streets with modern developments. The visual appeal of cities is matched by the warmth of the people, who often welcome expats with open arms, eager to share their heritage.

For expats, the opportunity to immerse themselves in a society where traditions and history are deeply respected can be incredibly rewarding. Relocating here allows individuals to participate in festivals, learn traditional crafts, and experience a way of life where community and family bonds are prioritized.

The cultural immersion also opens doors for personal growth, as people can gain new perspectives and develop a deeper appreciation for customs different from their own. This sense of belonging and cultural discovery makes Mexico an appealing choice for those seeking a meaningful and enriching relocation experience.

A Diverse Natural Playground

The natural landscapes in Mexico are varied enough to satisfy any preference. Beaches, mountains, rainforests, and deserts are within relatively short distances of one another, making exploration convenient and rewarding.

In addition, the coasts offer stunning views and opportunities for water activities.

Destinations like Puerto Vallarta and Playa del Carmen are popular for their warm waters and vibrant marine life. Inland, mountains such as those in San Cristóbal de las Casas attract those who enjoy hiking and cooler climates.

If you’re looking for unique outdoor adventures, this country has you covered.

The Yucatán Peninsula boasts breathtaking cenotes—natural sinkholes perfect for swimming and diving. At the same time, the country’s deserts, such as those in Baja California, offer serene experiences for stargazers.

A Food Lover’s Paradise

Above all, Mexican cuisine is widely celebrated and remains an integral part of its identity. Expats living here often discover that regional foods offer endless variety. Each area specializes in dishes that reflect local traditions, ingredients, and techniques.

In Oaxaca, mole sauces captivate food lovers with their depth of flavor, while in the Yucatán, “cochinita pibil” stands out as a favorite. Street food culture also provides expats with access to quick, delicious, and affordable meals.

Many expats also appreciate how accessible and affordable fresh ingredients are.

From local markets to supermarkets, finding everything you need to prepare meals at home is effortless. Beyond traditional cuisine, Mexico’s growing wine and mezcal industries offer excellent pairings for any meal, making dining a rich experience.

A Thriving Creative Scene

Mexico’s creative industries are flourishing, making it an exciting destination for expats passionate about art, design, and entrepreneurship. Guadalajara and Mexico City have become hubs for innovation, attracting creatives from around the globe. Independent galleries, co-working spaces, and pop-up markets provide platforms for artisans, tech innovators, and business owners to showcase their work and collaborate.

In line manner, the country’s openness to new ideas creates opportunities for expats to not only enjoy the creative energy but also contribute to it, whether by launching a business, joining a startup, or participating in cultural projects.

This dynamic environment offers endless possibilities for those seeking personal and professional growth.

Ease of Integration for Expats to Life in Mexico

Settling in Mexico is easier than many expats initially expect.

The country is home to large, welcoming communities of foreigners, especially in popular areas like Mérida, Ajijic, and San Miguel de Allende. These networks help newcomers adapt to their surroundings, providing advice and companionship.

To add to it, language barriers are less intimidating here than in other countries.

English is commonly spoken in tourist areas and by locals in urban centers. For those eager to immerse themselves further, Spanish language courses are widely available, helping expats navigate daily life more confidently.

This reef is infamous for its high shipwreck rate throughout history. The sunken vessel, which lay hidden beneath the waves in one of the most dangerous coral areas, represents a significant piece of underwater archaeology.

The discovery came about when a local fisherman, Manuel Polanco, spotted the wreckage and reported it to INAH, prompting a thorough investigation. In recognition of his contribution, the wreck has been named in his honor.

According to the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), this shipwreck is the 70th recorded in the Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve, further cementing the area’s reputation as a true graveyard of ships.

Features of the ship

The discovered wreck belongs to an English sailboat dating back to the late 18th or early 19th century. Archaeologists identified several significant elements of the ship, including an anchor, a cannon, and various iron ingots used as ballast.

These findings provide crucial insights into the type of vessel and its origins. Although the wooden remains of the hull have not survived due to the passage of time and harsh sea conditions, the metal objects found on the reef have relatively withstood wear and tear.

The cannon and anchor, in particular, suggest that this was a robust ship likely engaged in commercial or military voyages.

The presence of iron ingots indicates that the vessel required stabilization during its travels, a common practice among ships of that era as they faced complex maritime conditions on long Atlantic routes.

This sunken ship is considered an archaeological treasure of incalculable value.

These remnants not only narrate the story of the shipwreck itself but also offer a glimpse into the naval past of European powers, which at that time sought new trade routes and territories.

Ongoing research

The INAH team of underwater archaeologists notes that the discovery of the English ship is in the early stages of investigation. So far, two diving sessions have been conducted for a preliminary inspection of the site and an initial assessment of the remains.

According to researchers from the Subdirectorate of Underwater Archaeology (SAS), one of the major challenges of the study is the strong marine current in the area, making access and detailed analysis of the wreck difficult.

Another significant obstacle is the absence of the wooden hull remains, which have disintegrated over the centuries due to the local climate conditions.

The more solid artifacts, such as the anchor, cannon, and iron ingots, are the only items that have survived in relatively good condition, thanks to their proximity to the coral reef, where they have remained attached and protected from total deterioration.

Underwater archaeology requires advanced technology and a multidisciplinary approach. In this case, archaeologists are employing specialized diving equipment and non-invasive techniques to map the area and recover information without damaging the remains.

As research progresses, a deeper understanding of the ship’s original dimensions, its crew, and the nature of its journey before its tragic fate in the waters of Quitasueños is anticipated.

The historical context of the discovery site

The discovery site, a perilous reef area known as Quitasueños, is famous for its high shipwreck rate.

Located within the Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve, this false atoll, also referred to as a “coral island,” has been responsible for countless maritime disasters over the centuries.

Its coral formations, while beautiful, are extremely treacherous for sailors who, in earlier times, ventured through these waters without the aid of modern navigation technologies.

Banco Chinchorro, situated off the coast of Quintana Roo in the Mexican Caribbean, is the largest coral atoll in Mexico and one of the largest in the Western Hemisphere.

With its rich biodiversity and dangerous geography, it has witnessed numerous naval tragedies. It is no coincidence that up to 70 shipwrecks have been recorded in its waters, making it a true underwater cemetery for vessels from various eras.

Challenges in exploration

There are significant challenges that have complicated archaeological research in the area. One of the major issues is the strong marine current, which complicates diving operations and limits the time archaeologists can spend underwater inspecting the remains.

Additionally, the coral reef where the remains are located is not only difficult to access but also requires extreme caution to avoid damaging the highly fragile marine ecosystem.

Another obstacle is the state of preservation of the remains. Over time, much of the wooden hull of the ship has completely disintegrated, limiting researchers’ ability to accurately determine the original dimensions and structure of the vessel.

The metallic objects, such as the anchor, cannon, and iron ingots, which have remained attached to the coral, are in better condition; however, the lack of more delicate materials makes it challenging to reconstruct the entire wreck.

To overcome these challenges, the underwater archaeology team is utilizing non-invasive techniques and advanced underwater mapping tools. The goal is to gather as much information as possible without altering the environment or the few remaining artifacts.

The process will be long and complex, as the nature of the site makes each exploration phase a highly delicate and precise task.

Conclusion

The discovery of this English shipwreck in Quitasueños not only adds to the rich tapestry of maritime history but also highlights the ongoing need for careful archaeological exploration and preservation.

As researchers delve deeper into the secrets held within this ancient wreck, they continue to uncover invaluable insights into the maritime practices and historical contexts of the past.

The arrival of Spanish conquistadors led to profound changes that reverberated throughout the world, initiating a complex exchange of cultures, ideas, and resources.

The Spanish conquest was part of the broader Age of Exploration, during which European powers sought new trade routes and territories.

Driven by a desire for wealth, religious expansion, and national glory, Spain dispatched expeditions to the Americas, resulting in encounters that would forever change both the New and Old Worlds.

Motivated by tales of gold and glory, Spanish conquistadors embarked on perilous journeys that led them to rich and complex civilizations.

As these explorers arrived on the shores of the New World, they encountered sophisticated societies characterized by advanced agricultural practices, impressive architectural achievements, and established political systems.

The indigenous peoples possessed a wealth of knowledge about their lands and resources, cultivating crops such as maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which would later transform diets around the world.

The arrival of the Spanish was marked by the unintentional introduction of diseases. Smallpox and influenza decimated indigenous populations who lacked immunity, leading to significant demographic shifts and weakening the social structures of many ancient cultures.

This catastrophic impact made these societies more vulnerable to conquest and colonization, facilitating the rapid expansion of Spanish control.

In addition to disease, the Spanish employed a range of tactics, including alliances with rival groups, to facilitate their conquests.

They leveraged existing political tensions and used military technology, such as firearms and cavalry, which were unfamiliar to the indigenous peoples. The result was a swift and often brutal subjugation of vast territories.

The Global Impact of the Conquest

The implications of the Spanish Conquest extended far beyond the borders of Latin America. The influx of precious metals, particularly silver and gold, from the New World significantly altered European economies.

This influx initiated the Price Revolution—a period marked by inflation that impacted trade and commerce across Europe. The wealth generated from colonial resources financed wars and fueled the rise of powerful nation-states, reshaping global power dynamics.

Moreover, the introduction of new crops and livestock from the Americas transformed agricultural practices worldwide.

Staple foods such as potatoes, corn, and cassava, along with livestock like cattle, pigs, and sheep, were brought to Europe and Asia, leading to population growth and changes in diet.

This exchange of goods is known as the Columbian Exchange, which fundamentally altered economies and lifestyles on both sides of the Atlantic.

The Spanish also imposed their culture and religion on the indigenous populations. The conversion to Christianity was accompanied by the establishment of colonial institutions, which redefined social structures and power dynamics.

This blending of Spanish and indigenous cultures resulted in a rich tapestry of traditions, languages, and customs that continue to influence modern Latin American societies today.

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The Spanish conquest reshaped ancient civilizations, leaving an indelible mark on history. While many indigenous societies faced devastating losses, their legacies endure in the cultural practices and identities of their descendants.

Understanding this period provides valuable insight into the complex interplay of cultures that defines Latin America today and highlights the profound impacts of exploration and colonization on a global scale.

The Mexican-American War officially began on April 25, 1846.

The seeds of conflict were sown years earlier, with rising tensions over territorial claims. At the heart of the dispute was the region now known as Texas, which became a critical battleground between the two nations.

While the U.S. was motivated by Manifest Destiny, Mexico was struggling to maintain control over its vast northern territories. Politically unstable and militarily weaker than the U.S., Mexico was unprepared for the conflict.

The Mexican-American War began in a climate of rising tension, fueled by U.S. territorial ambitions and Mexico’s struggle to defend its sovereignty. What started as a border dispute quickly escalated into a full-scale war.

The Mexican-American War was fought on multiple fronts, from Texas to California to Mexico’s heartland. What began as a border skirmish quickly escalated into a large-scale conflict involving significant battles and territorial conquests.

The U.S. gained over 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory.

Mexico lost about half of its territory, including valuable land in what is now the U.S. Southwest. This loss severely weakened the country economically and politically, and it took decades for Mexico to recover.

How Did the Mexican-American War Begin?

The roots of the war can be traced to the early 1800s, particularly around the issue of Texas. Originally part of Mexico, Texas was sparsely populated and its remote location made it difficult for Mexico to govern effectively.

In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged U.S. settlers to migrate to Texas, hoping to develop the region’s economy. However, by the 1830s, the relationship between the Mexican government and these settlers began to sour.

Most Texas settlers were American and clashed with Mexico over issues like language, customs, and religion. More importantly, slavery was illegal in Mexico, but many American settlers in Texas were slaveholders.

These differences, coupled with Mexico’s centralist policies, prompted Texas to declare independence from Mexico in 1836. After a series of battles, Texas achieved its independence and became the Republic of Texas.

After nearly a decade as an independent republic, Texas was annexed by the USA, causing outrage in Mexico, which had never recognized Texas’ independence. The annexation set the stage for future military conflict.

Why Did the Mexican-American War Begin?

Several factors contributed to the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.

The primary cause was the U.S.’s desire for expansion, driven by the concept of Manifest Destiny – the belief that the USA was destined to expand its territory across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

This expansionist mindset encouraged American policymakers to seek new lands, including Texas and the territories of New Mexico and California, which were still part of Mexico.

The annexation of Texas reignited the dispute over where the U.S.-Mexico border lay. The USA claimed that the border was the Rio Grande River, while Mexico insisted that the border was further north, along the Nueces River.

Diplomatic attempts to resolve the disagreement failed. President James K. Polk sent an envoy to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico. Mexico, unwilling to sell its northern territories, rejected the proposal.

In 1846, President James K. Polk, a staunch supporter of expansionism, sent U.S. troops into the disputed territory between the Rio Grande and Nueces rivers. On April 25, Mexican forces attacked a U.S. patrol, leading Polk to call for war.

The northern states of Mexico offer a unique combination of stunning landscapes, from vast deserts to snow-capped mountains, that showcase a different side of Mexico – rugged, adventurous, and contrasting.

If you’re seeking an off-the-beaten-path journey filled with unexpected landscapes, northern Mexico is the perfect destination to explore. The northern routes of Mexico are a trail through the arid deserts and highlands.

Northern routes cut through the deserts, rugged terrains, and mountainous regions of northern Mexico, encompassing the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Tamaulipas.

For some reason, the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur are often also considered as part of Northern Mexico due to their geographic location, despite their distinct landscapes and cultural attributes.

A Land of Deserts, Mountains, and Adventure

Northern Mexican regions showcase some of the most contrasting natural environments in the country, ranging from the arid landscapes of the Chihuahuan Desert to the snow-tipped peaks of the Sierra Madre Occidental.

Northern regions of Mexico promise an unforgettable journey. This beautiful but less-explored side of Mexico provides a unique mix of adventure, vibrant culture, and natural wonders waiting to be discovered.

Best time to visit Northern Mexico

While the northern region of Mexico can be visited year-round, each season offers unique experiences.

• In summer, desert regions can become hot.
• In winter, snowfall is possible in elevated areas.
• Spring and fall (autumn) are ideal for hiking and exploring.

Plan your adventure now and explore the beauty of northern Mexico!

Established in 1959 this UNESCO Biosphere Reserve boasts 59 multi-colored lakes, lush pine forests, and fascinating ancient Maya ruins, making it a must-visit for nature lovers, adventurers, and history enthusiasts alike.

A Natural Paradise: The Montebello Lakes

The Montebello Lakes are the park’s main attraction. Famous for their stunningly varied colors, the lakes change from emerald and turquoise to dark green, purple, and even reddish-black.

This vibrant palette is a result of the diverse mineral content in the water. Of the 59 lakes, around 15 are easily accessible, with Lago Tziscao being the largest and offering nearby village accommodations.

Other popular lakes include Lago Pojoj and the Lagunas de Colores, a group of five lakes – Encantada, Ensueño, Esmeralda, Agua Tinta, and Bosque Azul – that live up to their name with vivid hues.

Visitors to the park can enjoy activities such as swimming, kayaking, canoeing, and even traditional raft rides. The Grutas San Rafael del Arco, a series of limestone caves, add to the park’s adventurous allure, perfect for exploring on foot or horseback.

While the Montebello Lakes remain a jewel of Chiapas, environmental concerns have grown in recent years. Pollution from untreated wastewater, agricultural runoff, and deforestation has threatened the lakes’ vibrant colors.

The nearby Grande River has carried contaminants into the lakes, prompting scientists and environmentalists to advocate for stronger conservation efforts.

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The Lacandon Jungle (Selva Lacandona) is one of the most biologically diverse and ecologically significant regions in Mexico, offering a haven for nature lovers, and adventure seekers looking to explore ancient ruins deep in the heart of the rainforest.

Located in the southeastern state of Chiapas, this vast tropical jungle is home to an incredible array of wildlife, lush greenery, and indigenous communities that have preserved their culture and traditions for centuries.

The jungle is close to some of Mexico’s most famous archaeological sites, such as Palenque and Yaxchilán, making it a key destination for those interested in both nature and history.

The Lacandon Jungle is a must-visit destination for those seeking an immersive experience in nature. With its rich biodiversity and stunning landscapes, the Lacandon Jungle is truly one of Mexico’s hidden treasures.

Whether you’re trekking through the lush rainforest, exploring ancient Mayan ruins, or learning from Indigenous communities, the Lacandon Jungle offers a journey unlike any other in Mexico.

The Lacandon Jungle is one of beautiful and untouched parts of the world.

Climate conditions in Chiapas vary. Chiapas has a diverse climate due to its varied geography, which includes highlands, jungles, and coastal areas. The state of Chiapas can be divided into three main climate zones:

• Highlands (San Cristóbal de las Casas)
• Jungle (Palenque, Lacandon Jungle)
• Coastal areas

Highlands enjoys a temperate climate, with cool temperatures throughout the year. During the day, the average temperature ranges between 15°C and 22°C, but it can drop to 5°C or lower at night, especially in winter.

The lowland jungles of Chiapas are hot and humid, with temperatures reaching up to 35°C in the summer. The rainy season here runs from May to October, so expect heavy rainfall and lush greenery during this time.

The Pacific coastline of Chiapas is relatively short, it features warm and humid weather. Temperatures range from 25°C to 32°C year-round, making them ideal for beachgoers and those seeking warm weather.

The ideal time to visit Chiapas largely depends on your interests. For most travelers, November to April is the best period to visit, as the weather is dry and more pleasant for exploring both the highlands and the lowland jungles.

If you’re interested in seeing the vibrant landscapes at their greenest, consider visiting during the rainy season (May to October). However, some areas during these months might be less accessible during heavy rains.

Chiapas is a magical destination offering a mix of natural beauty, and vibrant culture. Whether you’re interested in exploring ancient Mayan ruins or trekking through the jungle, Chiapas has something for every traveler.

Chiapas promises an unforgettable experience in the heart of Mexico.

This moment transformed the political, social, and cultural structure of Mesoamerica, and also marked the beginning of three centuries of Spanish dominance, and left a profound imprint on what is now the Mexican identity.

This process, not devoid of controversies and various interpretations, has been studied from multiple angles.

While some historians have framed the conquest within a narrative of violence and exploitation, it is also essential to acknowledge the complex cultural, technological, and structural exchanges that took place between the Spaniards and the indigenous peoples.

The conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés and the subsequent establishment of the Viceroyalty of New Spain are events that profoundly marked the history of the Americas.

Although the narrative of the conquest has undergone multiple revisions and reinterpretations, its impact on the formation of Mexican identity and the political, social, and economic configuration of Latin America is undeniable.

Today, the Spanish legacy in Mexico remains present in architecture, institutions, and culture, while the country has developed its own identity, the result of centuries of mixing and adaptation.

Standing on top of these monumental ancient structures offered a unique view of the surrounding area. In recent years, this magical experience has been restricted to preserving the integrity of these historical treasures.

All archaeological sites in Mexico are managed by government organizations. A key organization responsible for the oversight of all these sites and pyramids is the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH).

How illegal is it to climb the pyramids in Mexico?

Climbing the pyramids in Mexico is prohibited, and violators face penalties. Despite the ban implemented four years ago, tourists still attempt to ascend these ancient structures, risking fines and public condemnation.

If visiting archaeological sites is on your bucket list, make sure to follow the rules.

The urge to climb these monuments built hundreds of years ago, is understandable – seeing the view from above is a tempting thought. However, repeated climbs by thousands of tourists can cause irreversible damage.

In 2020 Mexico enforced a long-considered decision: banning the climbing of the Uxmal and Teotihuacán pyramids, extending the prohibition from the 2008 ban on climbing the Temple of Kukulcán in Chichen Itza.

Fines and Penalties on Climbing Pyramids

Recently have seen cases of visitors attempting to climb the pyramids. The allure of the panoramic view from the top, possibly the site of ancient violent religious rituals, is strong, but the prohibition on climbing remains firm.

Penalties for such actions include fines and potential jail time. Fines range from approximately 9 to 27 euros. If damage occurs, fines can escalate to around 5,100 euros, and jail time is possible if the damage is irreparable.

Public opinion is divided on this issue. Social media comments reveal a split between those questioning the ban, citing historical access, and those concerned about the impact on tourism. But many people support the ban.

While the temptation to climb these iconic structures is understandable, it’s crucial to follow the local regulations to protect and preserve these ancient wonders, ensuring their preservation and integrity for future generations.

Now, Río Rico is located along the Rio Grande in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. This settlement is known as a territory that was once American but mistakenly became Mexican. The mistake was found 60 years later.

Rio Rico is a small town that once was part of the USA. Río Rico is located on a portion of the Horcón Tract, a narrow 1.87 sq km piece of land (including the former riverbed) that formally was part of the USA until 1977.

Rio Rico gained fame for its unique status as a piece of land ceded by the United States to Mexico in 1977, as per the terms outlined in the 1970 Border Treaty between the two countries. But how did this situation happen?

The border between the USA and Mexico was officially established in 1848.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War in 1848 and established the Rio Grande as the border between the two countries. But the borderline later underwent various adjustments and negotiations.

Based on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, any territory north of the Rio Grande was part of the United States at that time. The Horcón Tract was originally north of the Rio Grande – and thus part of the US state of Texas.

The Rio Grande is a rather winding river with many meanders, which result in kind of “fingers” of land, such as the Horcón Tract, a 1.87 sq km area that extends into the Mexican territory and is surrounded by the Rio Grande.

This story started back in the early 1900s when the American company Rio Grande Land and Irrigation had a water pumping station on the American side that took water from the Rio Grande for distribution to local farmers.

In July 1906, as a measure to regulate the river’s water flow for irrigation purposes, the Rio Grande Land and Irrigation Company dug a cutoff to shorten the course of the river, thus bypassing the so-called Horcon Tract.

The diversion was unauthorized, the company was taken to court and was fined $10,000, ordered to convey its ownership of land in the Horcón Tract to the landowners, and ordered to pay damages and costs of $7,200.

The diversion of the river was practically impossible to reverse.

According to the principle of international law, only natural changes in the course of a river affect the borderline, but not if the shift was manmade, so the outlined Horcon Track was agreed to remain American territory.

But although the Horcon Tract was still legally part of the USA, its new location, south of the river, caused it to mistakenly fall under the jurisdiction of Mexican authorities. Residents adapted to becoming part of Mexico.

Rising above the lush landscapes, these pyramids capture the imagination with their enduring beauty. The Mayan ruins stand as a testament to the remarkable craftsmanship and ingenuity of the ancient civilization.

Pyramids were built using intricate Mayan building techniques, and adorned with mystic Mayan architectural symbols. Each stone and carving is evidence of a rich culture that still captivates the world.

Each step up the weathered stone steps is a journey through time. Pyramids were not merely places of worship but symbols of a culture deeply connected to the rhythms of the natural world and the cosmos.

The Mayan architecture is an artistic expression of the Mayan culture. The Mayan architecture style is one of the most awesome features of Mayan art to admire on your travel to any area of the Mayan world.

Even after over 2000 years, the magnificence of Mayan architecture and artistic skills are still present in all the Mayan pyramids and pyramid-like structures scattered throughout the Yucatan and Chiapas.

The remarkable achievements of ancient Mayan architecture are evident in every structure found not just in Mexico but also throughout the Mayan habitat area, which includes Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras.

Some of the Mayan archaeological sites have become World Heritage sites such as Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Palenque, Calakmul (all in Mexico), Tikal in Guatemala, Caracol in Belize, and Copan in Honduras, and more.

The ancient Mayans were extraordinary architects, engineers, and designers. They knew astronomy, mathematics, and geometry. The Mayans knew how to calculate curves to build the famous Mayan Arch and the vaulted chambers.

The ancient Mayans did not have any metal tools, and they carved hard stones into chisels and hammers in different sizes and forms. They did not count on animals for transportation and did not use the wheel.

Mayan architectural styles in Yucatan

In the Yucatan Peninsula, Mayan architecture acquired different styles due to the interactive Mayan trade and the cultural interchange among the neighboring states of Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and Campeche.

The main styles in Mayan architecture in Yucatan:

• Maya-Toltec style architecture
• Puuc architectural style
• Peten architectural style
• Rio Bek architectural style
• Chenes architectural style

This architectural style is a manifestation of the amazing knowledge and achievements of the ancient Mayans, as well as of the spirituality embodied in every part of the structures, which they achieved years ago.

Tulum is known for its laid-back ambiance. Tulum exudes a serene, bohemian energy. Boutique hotels, eco-friendly resorts, and beach restaurants combine luxury with sustainability, offering a taste of Tulum’s unique lifestyle.

Undoubtedly, Tulum is a tropical paradise with a well-rounded experience. Discover the magic of this charming place. Relax, explore, and make cherished memories in Tulum, where every moment feels like a slice of heaven.

Don’t forget to add to your itinerary a visit to Mayan ruins. One of Tulum’s standout features is its ancient ruins, gracefully perched on a cliff overlooking the Caribbean Sea. These well-preserved ruins, date back to the 13th century.

A short journey from Tulum leads to Coba, another ancient Mayan city. Ascend the towering Nohoch Mul pyramid for sweeping views of the Yucatan Peninsula, an awe-inspiring experience that connects you deeply with Mayan civilization.

The nearby cenotes beckon with their cool, crystal-clear waters. Nature lovers can dive into the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that boasts diverse ecosystems such as mangroves, wetlands, and coral reefs.

Tulum is surrounded by natural wonders such as cenotes, and natural sinkholes filled with crystal clear water. Dive, snorkel, or swim in refreshing pools such as Gran Cenote and Dos Ojos to experience the region’s unique geological wonders.

Don’t miss Tulum’s beaches with its chic clubs and laid-back atmosphere.

Tulum’s beaches are ideal for relaxation and serve as a playground for water sports enthusiasts, providing snorkeling and diving opportunities to discover the vibrant marine life of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef.

There are plenty of things to do in Tulum to suit every taste and budget.

From ancient ruins and pristine beaches to vibrant culture and natural splendor, Tulum is an unforgettable trip. Don’t miss the opportunity to sample local cuisine, including fresh seafood and traditional Mexican dishes.

Where to stay in Tulum

Choose accommodations that will enhance your tropical retreat.

Choosing an eco-friendly resort ensures complete immersion in the sustainable spirit of Tulum. Whether you’re looking for eco-chic charm or an all-inclusive getaway, Tulum offers plenty of options to suit every traveler’s whims.

For those who crave luxury and pampering, Tulum offers a range of upscale resorts that epitomize beach bliss. Immerse yourself in a world of all-inclusive luxury, where exquisite suites meet the enchanting shores of the Caribbean Sea.

Looking for direct access to Tulum’s pristine beaches? Choose accommodation by the sea, where leaving your room on the soft sand will not be difficult. Boutique hotels combine bohemian style with coastal tranquility.

Wake up to panoramic ocean views and relax in casual elegance.

Embrace Tulum’s eco-conscious spirit while enjoying modern amenities. Tulum’s commitment to eco-tourism is evident in its selection of eco-friendly boutiques. Immerse yourself in eco-friendly luxury hotels, where chic rooms blend seamlessly with nature.

Choosing where to stay in Tulum depends on your preferences and spirit of travel. Tulum’s variety of hotels will provide you with the perfect holiday, whether you prefer proximity to the beach, eco-consciousness, or all-inclusive services.

Situated along the Riviera Maya, Tulum is the best place for beach relaxation. Its proximity to the ancient ruins set against the backdrop of the Caribbean Sea creates a unique landscape where history and nature converge.

The Riviera Maya is also renowned for cenotes, natural underground water systems ideal for diving and snorkeling. Cenote tours provide an unforgettable experience amidst crystal-clear waters and underwater caves.

Tulum’s beaches are ideal for those seeking relaxation and a deep connection with nature. The serene atmosphere coupled with stunning coastal views offers a tranquil escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.

Whether you’re lounging under a palm tree, leisurely walking along the ocean shore, or enjoying swimming, snorkeling, or diving in crystal-clear waters, Tulum provides an idyllic setting in which to relax and rejuvenate.

Tulum has been recognized for its commitment to sustainable tourism, offering eco-friendly accommodations and practices that protect the environment, attracting a growing number of sustainability-conscious travelers.

Cost of Traveling to Tulum

Here are approximate prices for enjoying a break in Tulum:

From Mexico City (CDMX

• Round-trip flights range from 2,500 to 5,900 MXN per person.
• Bus fares start from 1,920 MXN, travel time of around 26 hours.

From Guadalajara

• Flights from Guadalajara Airport range from 3,000 to 6,000 MXN.
• Bus tickets start from 2,000 MXN, travel time of around 30 hours.

Accommodation Costs

• Hotel rooms with breakfast included start from around 1,300 MXN per night.
• Airbnb listings offer accommodations starting from 800 MXN per night.

It’s advisable to make reservations as soon as summer vacations approach.

Tips for planning your dream trip to Tulum

When searching for accommodations in Tulum, consider these helpful tips:

Determine Your Budget: Tulum offers a wide range of accommodations from luxurious resorts, and boutique hotels to budget-friendly hostels and vacation rentals. Setting a clear budget will help narrow down your choices.

Choose a Convenient Location: The hotel zone of Tulum, located near the beach, features boutique hotels and luxury resorts. The downtown area of Tulum, a few kilometers inland, offers more affordable lodging options.

Research Eco-Friendly Commitment: Many accommodations in Tulum implement eco-friendly practices. If this travel aspect is important to you, look for hotels that use renewable energy systems, water treatment, and recycling.

Consider Amenities and Services: Depending on what you’re looking for during your stay in Tulum, check the amenities offered such as WiFi, swimming pool, beach access, restaurants, and proximity to tourist attractions.

Read Traveler Reviews: Travel review platforms can provide valuable insights into the quality of accommodation, staff hospitality, and other details that can make a difference in your stay.

Book in Advance: Tulum is a highly popular destination, especially during high season (from December to April). To secure your preferred accommodation, it’s advisable to make all reservations and bookings well in advance.

Explore Transportation Options: If staying in the town but planning to spend a lot of time at the beach or vice versa, consider available transportation options like bike or scooter rentals, as distances can be significant.

Río Bec flourished without kings or hierarchies. The society developed a sustainable and self-sufficient system of living. Without kings or hierarchies, this settlement thrived in the jungle in what is now southern Campeche.

Excavations confirmed that Rio Bec was organized into neighborhoods. Each neighborhood was centered around one or two monumental large houses, surrounded by smaller houses, all with expansive agricultural fields.

Explorations have revealed numerous settlements with over 70 groups of houses spaced 200 to 500 meters apart. Each settlement was managed by a family residing in large houses, sharing land with their extended kin.

The ancient Mayans of this region engineered sustainable agricultural plots with extensive rainwater channels and a sophisticated dam system to preserve water and soil, particularly in areas dominated by porous stone soil.

A place that was never conquered

Rio Bec was not conquered by other Mayan city-states such as Calakmul.

The rulers of Calakmul from the Ka’an dynasty were known for their strategic and aggressive expansion. They sought to dominate and subjugate neighboring city-states to expand their influence and control over trade routes and valuable resources.

The Ka’an dynasty did not view Rio Bec as a priority target for conquest.

Rio Bec, with its scattered settlements and relatively decentralized social structure, did not have the strategic importance or perceived threat that would have forced Calakmul’s rulers to expend resources on its conquest.

Due to its obvious weakness, Rio Bek, inhabited by social groups dispersed in the dense jungle and considered hierarchically inferior, did not arouse the interest of the Ka’an dynasty, since it did not pose a threat to their power.

Modern research in Rio Bec

The first explorations at Rio Bec were carried out in 1930 by Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), which was responsible for the restoration of one of the main buildings at the site in the 1980s.

However, it was not until 2002 that a team of archaeologists from France’s National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) undertook an ambitious eight-year project to try to unravel the secrets that Rio Bec held.

Since 2019, a team of French archaeologists has been trying to unravel the mysteries hidden by a mysterious society that arose in Rio Bec.

Archaeologists are seeking to shed light on the reason why this human group settled in the high Mayan jungle suddenly disappeared around the year 1000, and what is perhaps one of the greatest mysteries hidden in this unique archaeological site.

This phenomenon, primarily caused by excessive groundwater abstraction, is causing the city to sink at an alarming rate, creating serious problems for its infrastructure, economy, and residents.

Mexico City’s history of flooding goes back centuries and is intertwined with the city’s rich past. Founded 700 years ago on an island in Lake Texcoco, Tenochtitlan flourished as the heart of the Aztec Empire.

During colonial times, the conquering Spanish began ambitious drainage projects, turning the once lush lake into dry land suitable for urban development. Their actions began a series of events that haunted the city for centuries.

The role of groundwater extraction

Today, Mexico City is struggling with the consequences of relentless groundwater extraction.

As the metropolis expanded and its population grew, so did the need for water. To meet this demand, extensive pumping of water from underground aquifers has become commonplace. This over-extraction came at a cost.

The land beneath Mexico City is made up of unstable soil, a legacy of its ancient lakebed origins. When groundwater is pumped out, the soil becomes compacted, causing the ground above to sink, a process known as subsidence.

Over the years, the rate of subsidence has only accelerated, recently reaching a staggering 50 centimeters per year.

Research results

A recent study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research sheds light on the seriousness of the situation.

The study, led by a team of Mexican and American scientists, used 115 years of ground-based measurements and 24 years of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) satellite data.

The results paint a grim picture: Mexico City’s subsidence is almost irreversible.

The consequences of this decline are far-reaching. City infrastructure, including buildings, historical sites, and essential utilities such as sewerage and water supply, is increasingly subject to damage and destruction.

Moreover, the risk of flooding is becoming increasingly significant as the land sinks unevenly, exacerbating the city’s vulnerability.

Problems and solutions

Some areas of Mexico City are more vulnerable to subsidence than others. The historic center, Colonia Roma, and Colonia Condesa are among those facing the greatest threat due to the soft composition of the soil.

To solve these problems, the authorities are taking several measures. Groundwater extraction regulations aim to curb overexploitation, and investments in alternative water sources aim to diversify the city’s water supply.

Sustainable urban planning strategies coupled with public awareness campaigns are essential components of a long-term solution. Collaboration between government agencies, researchers, and the public is paramount for effective mitigation.

Addressing the root causes of land subsidence requires concerted, long-term efforts.

Looking ahead

As Mexico City faces the dual challenges of water shortages and subsidence, the stakes have never been higher. Without decisive action, the city faces a future marred by infrastructure destruction, widespread flooding, and socio-economic disruption.

However, by practicing sustainable water management practices and promoting a culture of conservation, we can hope for a more sustainable and prosperous future.

In the face of adversity, Mexico City is a testament to human resilience and ingenuity. Facing a looming land subsidence crisis, the city can write a new chapter in its storied history  –  one of resilience, sustainability, and progress.

The encomienda system, established shortly after the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century, gave Spanish conquistadors and settlers the right to exact tribute and forced labor from indigenous communities in exchange for protection and Christian teaching.

Establishment and Structure

In Mexico, the encomienda system was established by the Spanish Crown to facilitate the exploitation of indigenous labor and resources for the benefit of colonial elites.

Encomenderos, or recipients of encomiendas, were granted control over specific indigenous communities or territories, effectively making them feudal lords with authority over the native population.

The structure of the encomienda system in Mexico varied depending on factors such as geography, demographics, and the priorities of colonial administrators.

In some cases, encomenderos controlled vast estates known as “haciendas,” where indigenous laborers toiled in mines, fields, and workshops under harsh conditions.

In other cases, encomiendas were more decentralized, with individual encomenderos overseeing smaller communities and extracting tribute in the form of goods or labor.

Exploitation and Resistance

The encomienda system in Mexico was characterized by widespread exploitation and abuse of indigenous peoples. Forced labor, excessive tribute demands, and harsh treatment were commonplace, leading to widespread suffering and resistance among native communities.

Many indigenous people were subjected to violence, disease, and starvation as a result of their forced labor under the encomienda system. However, indigenous resistance to the encomienda system was also prevalent in Mexico.

Throughout the colonial period, indigenous communities mounted various forms of resistance, including armed uprisings, acts of sabotage, and attempts to flee from encomienda settlements.

These resistance efforts were often met with brutal repression by Spanish authorities, but they also contributed to the eventual decline of the encomienda system in Mexico.

Economic Impact and Legacy

The encomienda system played a central role in shaping the economy of colonial Mexico. Indigenous labor was essential for the production of agricultural goods, minerals, and other resources that fueled the Spanish colonial economy.

However, the exploitation of indigenous labor under the encomienda system also had long-term negative consequences for Mexico, contributing to economic inequality, social instability, and the concentration of wealth in the hands of a small elite.

Despite its abolition in the mid-16th century, the encomienda system left a lasting legacy in Mexico. Many of the social, economic, and racial inequalities that characterized colonial society persisted long after the formal end of the encomienda system.

The legacy of colonialism continues to shape Mexico’s social and economic landscape today, with indigenous communities still facing marginalization, discrimination, and poverty as a result of centuries of exploitation and oppression.

Comparison with Other Colonial Systems

While the encomienda system in Mexico shares similarities with other forms of colonial exploitation in the Americas, such as the repartimiento system and chattel slavery, it also had unique characteristics that distinguished it from other colonial labor systems.

The encomienda system was notable for its feudal-like structure, with encomenderos holding significant power and authority over indigenous communities. Additionally, the encomienda system was closely tied to the Spanish Crown and played a central role in the administration and governance of colonial Mexico.

The encomienda system was a central institution of Spanish colonialism in Mexico. While it has long since been abolished, its legacy continues to influence Mexico’s social and economic dynamics, underscoring the enduring impact of colonialism on the region.

Obsidian forms when magma rich in silica cools so quickly that it has no chance to crystallize. The resulting material is amorphous (has no structure or shape), brittle and hard. When broken correctly, it splits into a razor-sharp edge.

The obsidian razor is sharper than steel.

This naturally occurring volcanic glass has been used for thousands of years by different cultures around the world to make useful tools, weapons, jewelry, and art due to its sharpness, hardness, and often glossy appearance.

In México, obsidian holds a special place in both its geological landscape and cultural heritage. México boasts abundant natural deposits of obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed during the rapid cooling of lava.

Obsidian has been revered by indigenous cultures in México for thousands of years. The Aztecs, Mayans, and Olmecs prized obsidian for its sharpness and versatility. It was used for crafting tools, weapons, and ritual objects.

Archaeological sites in Mexico indicate extensive use of obsidian by ancient civilizations. The archaeological site of Teotihuacan contains numerous obsidian artifacts, demonstrating its importance in pre-Columbian cultures.

Modern Mexico also utilizes obsidian properties for a variety of purposes. Obsidian is used in industries such as jewelry-making, sculpture, and even surgical instruments due to its sharpness and durability.

Obsidian deposits in Mexico attract tourists interested in rich cultural heritage. Visitors can take part in tours of the obsidian workshops and archaeological sites to gain insight into its historical and contemporary significance.

First things first, let’s talk about how to get from Cancun to Playa del Carmen. Once you land at Cancun airport, you have several options for getting to Playa del Carmen. Many travelers prefer a pre-booked airport transfer.

When planning a trip to Playa del Carmen, ensuring a smooth transition from Cancun Airport is paramount. Consider the convenience and comfort of private transportation to Playa del Carmen with a pre-booked transfer.

While official transportation suppliers provide standard options, with private transfer service, you can avoid the crowds and delays, hustle and bustle which are often associated with shared shuttles or public transportation.

Alternatively, you can catch a taxi outside the airport terminals or take advantage of the ADO bus service, which offers frequent departures to Cancun downtown, Playa del Carmen downtown, and Tulum downtown areas.

What to do in Playa del Carmen

Are you planning a family trip to Playa del Carmen? This coastal town on the Mexican Carribean offers an array of activities suitable for all ages, ensuring an unforgettable vacation experience and family-friendly activities.

Playa del Carmen offers excursions and tours suitable for the whole family.

Playa del Carmen boasts stunning stretches of coastline, with soft white sands and crystal-clear waters perfect for swimming, diving, and snorkeling. Popular beach spots offer a unique atmosphere for families to enjoy.

Explore the underwater world of the Mesoamerican Reef and its kaleidoscope of colors and teeming marine life. Dive into crystal clear waters and discover a paradise of coral gardens and curious marine creatures.

From magnificent tropical fish to graceful sea turtles, every dive and snorkel reveals new wonders and will be an unforgettable experience that will leave you in awe and eager to return for more underwater adventures.

Explore the underwater world with a snorkeling or diving excursion, or embark on a jungle adventure with a visit to one of the many eco-parks in the area, where you can swim in cenotes, and zip-line through the canopy.

Playa del Carmen also offers family-friendly outdoor and entertainment options.

Stroll along Fifth Avenue, lined with shops, restaurants, and street performers. Catch a cultural show at the Frida Kahlo Theater or enjoy a family-friendly dinner at one of the many restaurants with delicious Mexican cuisine.

Cenotes tour in Playa del Carmen

Don’t miss the opportunity to visit and swim in the cenotes. These natural wonders are the highlight of any trip to the region and offer a unique and refreshing experience and unforgettable memories for the whole family.

These natural sinkholes are scattered throughout the Yucatan and offer a refreshing escape from the heat. Take a day trip to a nearby cenote, where you can swim in crystal-clear waters surrounded by lush jungle scenery.

Imagine swimming in the crystal clear waters of a cenote surrounded by ancient limestone formations and lush jungle scenery. Cenotes also have cultural significance as they were considered sacred by the ancient Mayans.

Every cenote is unique in its characteristics and its own atmosphere. From open-air cenotes bathed in sunlight to mysterious underground caves illuminated by beams of light, each cenote offers a one-of-a-kind adventure.

These cenote tours promise excitement and relaxation. Add a cenote tour to your vacation itinerary and discover the hidden treasures of Playa del Carmen’s underground world. This is an adventure you won’t soon forget!

Playa del Carmen is an ideal place for a family holiday with children. Whether you’re relaxing on the beach, exploring ancient ruins, or swimming in underground cenotes, this tropical paradise has something for everyone.

So pack your bags and get ready for an unforgettable adventure in Playa del Carmen!

Cenotes often have crystal-clear, turquoise-colored water. Cenotes were considered sacred and were important water sources. Today, cenotes are popular tourist attractions, offering opportunities for swimming.

When it comes to cenotes, most people usually think of the Yucatan Peninsula.

Yucatan is home to the Ring of Cenotes, the unique creation of which is associated with the fall of the Chicxulub meteorite, which marked the end of the age of dinosaurs and created a crater with a diameter of 180 km.

The limestone from which the meteorite was made has worn away over time to form the cenotes. There are at least 7,000 cenotes, or underground wells, in the Yucatan where they were sacred sites to the Mayans.

El Zacatón is the deepest cenote in the world

However, the deepest cenote in the world is not in the Yucatán Peninsula. Although Yucatan is mostly associated with cenotes, the deepest cenote in the world is located in a completely different Mexican state – Tamaulipas.

Zacatón is a thermal water-filled sinkhole that is part of a group of unusual karst formations near the Sierra de Tamaulipas. With a total depth of 339 m, it is one of the deepest known water-filled sinkholes in the world.

How deep is the El Zacatón cenote? With a diameter of 140 meters, El Zacatón is 339 m deep which makes it the deepest cenote on the planet and it was NASA was in charge of verifying its depth using a robotic submarine.

The Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer (DEPTHX), which carried out the exploration, was created by Carnegie Mellon University as part of its tests to go to Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, and the mission was sponsored by NASA.

This robotic submarine (DEPTHX) confirmed that the cenote’s depth was 319 meters, with an additional 20 meters added from the ground to where the water starts. This means that the total depth of the cenote is 339 meters.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, sisal production was a major industry in Mexico, particularly in the Yucatán Peninsula. The fibers were exported worldwide and played a significant role in the economy of the region.

This was the best era in Yucatan. Sotuta de Peón is one of the few places where the Henequen traditions and creativity that led to the economic development of the state between 1850 and 1950 have been preserved.

Henequen was the great promoter of Yucatán in the world. When its people began to sell ropes, ropes, well, and export it to the whole world, Yucatán lived its time of splendor. All kinds of ropes were made, even to stop the huge ships from those times.

Originally the hacienda had about 3000 sq m. Today it only has 300 sq m. The hacienda only receives tourists to learn how henequen worked, an industry that for a century was the basis for the development of Yucatán.

The hacienda has eight guest houses and amenities such as horseback riding and ATVs.

The silence and tranquility of the place are surprising.

Sotuta de Peón tour

Visitors can see enormous machines for the production of rope and twine that at some point in history were the basis for about 50 local families to provide work for almost 85% of the Yucatecan population at that time.

More than 80 years ago, the advent of plastic put an end to the Henequen era because plastic was much cheaper.

The hacienda keeps many of the original aspects from the old times. The famous basements were built at floor level because the ground in this area is extremely hard and therefore construction began at ground level.

After visiting the factory, the tour continues with a ride in two horse-drawn wagons. These wagons take visitors to the Dzul Ha cenote, a natural sinkhole with fresh water that welcomes visitors to the hacienda.

There are also several cenotes, two of which are open to the public. After a 15-minute tour, visitors arrive at the entrance to the cenote. To maintain its beauty and mystery, only a limited number of visitors are allowed to visit each day.

The Dzul Ha cenote has a depth of about 10 m in its lowest part. The crystal clear waters of the cenote, darkness, and the fact of being about 10 meters underground, make this experience to remember for a lifetime.

Izamal is a “magic city”, which has preserved ancient pyramids and stands out for its colorful streets. Stroll the cobbled streets, discover architectural treasures, and immerse in the magic atmosphere of the ancestral past.

Based on ancient Mayan ruins, this architectural gem shines with its ancient pyramids and cobblestone streets painted in shades of yellow and white, creating a unique charm that captivates visitors from all over the world.

The name Izamal brings to mind Itzamna, a legendary figure from Mayan mythology.

Since time immemorial, Izamal has been a center of pilgrimage and power. The history of this small town dates back to the 3rd century CE. Izamal was one of the most important city-states in the Mayan world.

Izamal flourished with 7 imposing pyramids that still stand as witnesses to its greatness.

What to do and see in Izamal?

The Monastery of San Antonio de Padua is a masterpiece of colonial architecture, founded in 1549 by fray Diego de Landa. Its majestic ramps and exquisite Baroque altars transport visitors through the centuries.

Among the archaeological wonders of Izamal are the imposing Pyramid of Kinich Kakmo, the largest in the Yucatan, and the mysterious Pyramid of Tu’Ul, the stages of construction of which reveal the secrets of the ancient Mayans.

The Pyramid of Habuk and the monumental Pyramid of Itzamatul complete this mysterious and magnificent landscape.

As night falls, the atrium of the Monastery of San Antonio de Padua comes alive with the light and sound show, a sensory experience that combines visual projections, original music, and evocative storytelling, transporting the viewer to the golden age of Mayan culture.

In every corner, in every pyramid, in every street painted yellow and white, Izamal reveals its uniqueness and timeless beauty. Immerse yourself in the City of Hills and Three Cultures, where the past comes to life and the present intertwines with history.

Like many other places in Mexico, the city’s name was due to misinterpretation.

The original name of the town meant “place where everyone passes through” from the Mayan word “manik,” a day in the Mayan calendar related to the deer, which later simplified to “place where everything happened”.

This became a historic phrase due to the events in 1567 when Fray Diego de Landa, a Spanish missionary of the Franciscans, burned all the Mayan codices and books, along with hundreds of sacred figures for the Mayans.

It was an inquisitorial act to publicly punish heretics and to warn the population.

On December 1, 2020, Mani was named the “Magic Town” and in 2021, Mani received the “Best Tourist Village” award. This international recognition recognizes best practices in tourism conservation and sustainability.

What to do and to see in Maní?

There are endless tourist activities in Mani: walk or ride a bicycle through its streets, go to the former convent of San Miguel Arcángel or its artisan workshops, walk in the Xcabachén cenote, and see the harvest of honey.

Ex-convent of San Miguel Arcángel

The San Miguel Arcángel contains a huge 17th-century baptismal font, which, when viewed from the large square with the adjoining former monastery, looks like a fortress due to defensive walls and pointed battlements on its sides.

This was intended to prevent the Mayans from entering the temple and attending ceremonies on the grass, in the open air; they were only allowed access to it until they were baptized.

Discover the Xcabachén cenote

Cenote Xkaabanch’en (Xkabachen) is not like most other cenotes in the Yucatan and can even be disappointing. However, its significance is historical because it played a crucial role in the founding of the town of Mani.

One day, the Mayan inhabitants of Uxmal ran out of water and had to leave in search of a better place to live, and they found it in Mani, where Cenote Xcabachen was an important source of water for consumption.

Legend says when the end of the world comes, the only water left will be in the Xcabachén cenote, and to obtain water, the newborn child will have to be offered to the guardian holding the snake (the god Kukulkan).

Another legend tells of an old sorceress who predicted the arrival of the Spaniards.

Mootsil Kuxtal Garden in Maní

This place is a nursery with local plants where you will find swings, colorful chairs, flower garlands, wells, and ponds, all among profuse vegetation that will help you connect with nature to relax in this green space.

Stroll through the streets of Maní

Another thing you can do in Mani is stroll through its streets and discover why this small town is called a “magical town” as it has photo-worthy landscapes with colorful colonial houses that shine one after the other.

Stroll through the central park, surrounded by palm trees, and listen to the sound of the wind and birds while you relax on the benches in the square, with tranquility that allows you to “reset” to recharge your batteries.

The embroidery technique X’manikté

Don’t miss the textile art workshops where you can see Mayan hand cross stitch and machine stitching, but the most prized technique is X’manikté, which means “eternal”, and is considered the oldest in the Yucatan.

Events related to this event are planned from April 12 to 22. During these days, visitors will have the opportunity to enjoy a variety of popular events, including the “Grand Fiesta of Cancun” scheduled for the 19th and 20th.

There will be a civic ceremony commemorating the anniversary and a solemn session of the municipal council on April 20th. The agenda encompasses events, activations, gifts, and institutional and civic projects for the anniversary.

The “Grand Fiesta of Cancun,” as the main event is known, will start on Friday, April 19th, at Plaza de la Reforma, featuring the showcase of musical bands titled “Musical Expressions in the History of Mexico,” from 18:00 to 23:00.

Additionally, there will be a presentation of the book “Living History of Cancun.”

On April 20th, festivities will start at 9:00 with the civic ceremony at Plaza de la Reforma, followed by the solemn session of the municipal council, during which the “Sigfrido Paz Paredes” medal for civic merit will be awarded.

Starting at 17:30, the “Cancun Residents’ Parade” will commence, featuring eight blocks, each consisting of approximately 200 participants. The parade will start from the Jacinto Canek dome towards Tulum Avenue.

From there, it will proceed down this thoroughfare until reaching Plaza de la Reforma. The parade will include the participation of vintage cars, supported by the Rally Maya and the Antique Car Club, followed by the marching band.

There will be also a performance by the Municipal Band, a Coco Bongo show, and before the cake-cutting ceremony, the traditional “Mañanitas” will be sung with mariachi accompaniment, culminating in an artistic event.

On Monday, the 22nd, at the “Ocean Weddings” Events Garden, the “Golden Weddings” will take place from 16:00 to 18:00. This event will celebrate the first marriages registered in Cancun, as well as the love stories of the city’s pioneers, thus closing out the calendar of activities in celebration of this 54th anniversary.

Astronomy was an important part of many ancient societies across the globe, serving as a foundational pillar upon which their cultural, religious, and practical knowledge were intricately interwoven and deeply rooted.

The ancient Mayans were no exception. They created a surprisingly effective calendar to define their lifestyle. Astronomical phenomena such as eclipses had an important cultural and religious significance for the Mayans.

The ancient Mayans were able to predict astronomical phenomena. Furthermore, they managed to develop a complex calendar. They also built pyramids to, for example, temporarily locate the solstices or equinoxes.

The ancient Mayans were possibly one of the most prominent sky-watching societies. As accomplished mathematicians, they recorded systematic observations on the movement of the Sun, planets, and stars.

Thanks to some historical records such as the Dresden Codex, we can get closer to the astronomical culture of the Mayans. Of course, this was not limited to being an exact science but had an important religious character.

Mayan priests possessed knowledge of astronomy, and mathematics allowing them to predict celestial events. They tracked the lunar nodes, predicted the days of eclipses, and then gave them religious meaning.

What did eclipses represent for the Mayan civilization?

A few millennia ago, 2 eclipses crossed the sky observed by the Mayans within 6 months. The intention of predicting these phenomena was to be able to be prepared for any situation that represented a ritual opportunity.

The eclipse phenomena represented divine figures, and it was common to make sacrifices or ceremonies while they occurred.

According to ancient Mayan beliefs, sunsets were associated with death and decay. This is because Kinich Ahau, the Sun God, traveled through the Mayan underworld (Xibalba) while it was night.

The deity became weaker and the Mayans felt an obligation to help him heal. When an eclipse occurred, they believed that Kinich Ahau was being weakened by his counterpart and they had to perform rituals capable of recovering it.

The nobility, especially the king, performed blood sacrifices, piercing their bodies and collecting drops of blood to burn as offerings. This “blood of kings” was the highest form of sacrifice, intended to strengthen Kinich Ahau.

The relevance of astronomy for the ancient Mayans is another example of their mathematical and cultural complexity. The stars always deeply influenced the lifestyle of different societies spread throughout the world.

In this comprehensive guide let’s delve into the safety considerations, practical tips, and recommended routes for hitchhiking in Mexico, empowering travelers to navigate the open road with confidence and curiosity.

Is hitchhiking safe and legitimate in Mexico?

Hitchhiking, while not as common as other forms of transportation, is a legitimate and feasible option for adventurous travelers in Mexico. Like any mode of travel, it comes with its own set of risks and precautions.

Although incidents of crime against hitchhikers are relatively rare, it is essential to exercise caution and vigilance, especially when traveling alone or in remote areas. Hitchhike during daylight hours and trust your intuition.

Recommended routes and areas

Certain regions of Mexico are more conducive to hitchhiking than others, offering scenic routes, hospitable locals, and well-traveled roads. Here are some recommended areas for hitchhiking adventures in Mexico:

Baja California: The rugged beauty of the Baja Peninsula, particularly the Transpeninsular Highway (Mexican Federal Highway 1), attracts adventurous hitchhikers seeking stunning coastal views and laid-back beach towns.

Yucatan Peninsula: With its well-maintained highways and popular tourist destinations, the Yucatan Peninsula offers ample opportunities for hitchhikers to explore ancient ruins, cenotes, and other cultural landmarks.

Central Mexico: Travelers can traverse the central states, Guanajuato, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, to discover quaint colonial towns, indigenous communities, breathtaking mountainous landscapes, valleys, and waterfalls.

Tips for safe hitchhiking

To maximize safety while hitchhiking in Mexico, consider the following tips:

• Plan your route
• Dress appropriately
• Travel in pairs
• Avoid remote areas and border regions
• Avoid nighttime hitchhiking

Research potential routes in advance, identifying major highways, rest stops, and safe hitchhiking spots along the way. Carry a sign with your destination written clearly in Spanish and try to communicate with drivers.

Wear comfortable, weather-appropriate clothing, and consider carrying a reflective vest or brightly colored clothing to enhance visibility to drivers. Trust your instincts and avoid situations or individuals that raise red flags.

Whenever possible, hitchhike with a companion for added safety and companionship on the road. Exercise heightened vigilance when hitchhiking in remote regions with limited access to services or assistance.

Avoid hitchhiking near border crossings or areas known for drug trafficking and organized crime activity. Hitchhiking at night increases vulnerability and reduces visibility. Seek accommodations or wait until daylight hours.

Hitchhiking in Mexico offers spontaneous adventures to intrepid travelers. With caution, careful planning of routes, and trusting your instincts, hitchhiking can be a safe and rewarding way to travel around Mexico.

Mexico resorts do not have private beaches.

The beaches in México, are public per Mexican federal law. If you see a “private beach” sign it is always set up illegally by some resort or neighbor. So you can ignore it or call just the authorities and make a stink about it.

In 2020, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador issued a decree that guarantees free access and transit to the country’s beaches and imposes sanctions against those who prohibit access to the beaches, with hefty fines.

If a resort puts up “private beach” signs, they are breaking the law.

The resort can stop you from going into or through their private property and from using their amenities, but they cannot prohibit you from walking through the beach, getting in the water, or hanging around in the sand.

The beaches in Mexico are public, but the area, usually in front of the resort, is not.

Sun loungers are available on the beach and throughout the resort. Anyone not residing at the resort or who has not purchased a day pass to the resort will be immediately ejected from that portion of the beach.

But in front of the loungers, closer to the water you will see tourists. This is a public area. There can be an “admission fee”. If you buy drinks or food at the beach, show the ticket at the exit and your entry fee will be refunded.

The museum, a massive concrete structure reminiscent of Mayan architecture, features 5 exhibitions tracing various aspects of Mayan life, including their relationship with the environment, religious practices, and cultural beliefs.

The museum serves as a showcase for over 1000 artifacts, including recent discoveries unearthed during excavations related to the Mayan Train project. This collection offers an insight into the rich history of the ancient Mayans.

The museum also has scale-model replicas of Maya architecture and interactive displays.

Recent finds exhibited at the Grand Museum of Chichen Itza include also shell-like sculptures, intricately carved stone skulls, numerous pottery objects, incense burners depicting warriors, and butterfly-shaped figurines.

These treasures are part of the ongoing efforts to salvage archaeological sites affected by the construction of the Mayan Train. These artifacts are pieced together and restored to their original state before being exhibited.

Visitors can marvel at ancient vases, funerary drums, figures of Mayan deities, and engravings of Venus, revered by the ancient Mayans as the Red Star, adorn some artifacts, symbolizing the celestial importance attributed to it.

Visitors can also see the “bundle of years,” a symbolic representation intricately crafted to convey the Maya’s sophisticated measurement of time and its profound significance within their cosmology and societal structure.

Among the myriad treasures housed within the Grand Museum, standout highlights include the famous Chac Mool sculptures, reclining figures representing warriors, often used by ancient Mayans in ceremonial rituals.

Carved reliefs depicting scenes from Mayan palaces offer visitors a glimpse into the past. These reliefs provide invaluable insights into the daily lives, societal structures, and artistic achievements of the ancient Maya civilization.

A remarkable rock carving depicting the head of a snake showcases the skill of ancient Mayan artisans. Visitors can observe the intricate details of the carving, which provides insight into the skilled craftsmanship of the era.

Overall, the Grand Museum is a gateway to understanding the worldview and achievements of the ancient Maya civilization, offering a unique blend of history, art, and archaeology for visitors to explore and appreciate.

The Gran Mayan Museum of Chichen Itza can be reached by taking the Mayan Train. Around 3 million people are expected to visit Chichen Itza in 2024, making the Mayan city the most visited archaeological site in the Americas.

The adrenaline rush of kitesurfing is undeniable. As you harness the power of the wind to propel yourself across the water at high speeds, you experience an exhilarating surge of energy and excitement.

Kitesurfing encompasses a wide range of emotions, from exhilaration and joy to focus and serenity. It’s a sport that allows you to connect with nature, challenge yourself, and experience the sheer thrill of harnessing the power of the wind.

Places to kitesurf: the best spots in Mexico

Mexico is a country with amazing nature full of different ecosystems, from the driest desert to the vast jungle. Mexico has a wide variety of coastlines, including the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean.

The best kitesurfing spots in Mexico:

• Kitesurfing places in Quintana Roo
• Kitesurfing places in Yucatan
• Kitesurfing Spots in the Gulf of Mexico
• Kitesurfing Spots on the Pacific Ocean Coast
• Kitesurfing spots in Baja California

Mexico is the perfect kitesurfing paradise where you have a choice depending on your level and what you want to achieve. Here are some of the best kitesurfing destinations in Mexico and we hope you have a good trip.

While the appeal of popular tourist destinations such as Mexico City, Oaxaca, Puerto Vallarta, Acapulco, Cancun, and Riviera Maya is undeniable, an even deeper and more authentic Mexico is waiting to be discovered.

Nestled between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, Mexico boasts a diverse landscape that ranges from lush rainforests and towering mountains to arid deserts, pristine coastlines, and underground cenotes.

This diversity sets the stage for many adventures, whether you’re exploring ancient pre-Hispanic ruins, climbing to the volcanos, relaxing on sun-drenched beaches, or sampling the rich palette of flavors in vibrant markets.

Mexico’s rich history is palpable at every turn, with archaeological sites such as Teotihuacan, Chichen Itza, Monte Alban, Palenque, and Uxmal offering glimpses into the ancient civilizations that once flourished here.

The colonial charm of cities like Oaxaca, Guanajuato, and San Miguel de Allende offers a window into Mexico’s recent past, where cobbled stone picturesque streets are lined with colorful facades and ornate cathedrals.

Mexico’s culinary scene is endless, from street food stalls to upscale restaurants showcasing innovative takes on traditional dishes. Don’t miss the chance to try regional specialties like mole poblano, ceviche, and pozole.

Beyond the hustle and bustle of the city, Mexico’s natural beauty beckons travelers to explore. The Caribbean Coast is home to the 2nd-largest barrier reef in the world, making it a paradise for snorkelers and scuba divers.

The rugged landscapes of Copper Canyon and the Sierra Madre offer endless hiking opportunities. At the same time, the calm waters of the Bacalara Lagoon invite visitors to relax and enjoy the breathtaking scenery.

Warm, welcoming, and proud of their heritage, Mexicans are quick to share their culture with visitors, whether through lively festivals, traditional vibrant dance performances, or spontaneous conversations on the street.

Whether you’re going to backpack, planning a road trip across the country, or just looking to relax under the tropical sun, Mexico promises an unforgettable vacation filled with adventure, discovery, and endless possibilities.

The reality is far from the sensational headlines often portrayed in the media. Mexico has much to offer, but as with any destination, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and take appropriate precautions.

So, is Mexico safe for tourists?

Overall, Mexico is a very safe and secure country to travel. It is rare to hear of foreigners or tourists being attacked, kidnapped, or killed in Mexico. What you usually hear in the media is related to cartels and other cartels.

While reports of cartel-related violence may make headlines, the vast majority of tourists visit Mexico without incident. Incidents involving foreigners are rare and most visitors enjoy their stay without any security concerns.

So let’s start by getting rid of the misconception that Mexico is unsafe.

However, you do encounter some crime, especially in larger cities. Therefore, you need to be smart about your property, money, and overall security. Be smart and careful with your belongings and you will be fine.

When traveling around Mexico City, you may often become a victim of thefts, burglaries, and pickpockets. This is not something unique to Mexico City, it is a common occurrence in any major city (New York, Paris, Rome).

Another common negative thing, especially common in tourist cities (Cabo, Cancun, Puerto Vallarta, etc.), is that you may get scammed by tour sellers (agencies). You will be charged double for a tour of a specific location.

This is again common in other cities around the world. Always make sure you can find the average cost of the tour you are interested in in advance to avoid paying more money. Google similar tours and compare prices.

The general rule in Mexico is not to take a taxi unless you are taking one from the airport or bus station. They are more expensive but generally safe. The best transportation option from the airport to the hotel is Uber.

Uber is present in almost all major cities in Mexico.

When it comes to safety, there are some areas and neighborhoods in some cities that a foreigner (and even a local) should avoid. They are known for high crime rates, including kidnappings, murders, and general violence.

Usually, you (as a tourist) have no reason to be there since there are no museums or interesting places there. Just find out what these places are and avoid going there at all costs.

Overall, tourism in Mexico doesn’t have many dark sides (at least not known to the general public). Be smart, avoid contact with cartels and shady areas of the city, and everything will be fine.

The volcanic activity in Mexico is primarily attributed to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region characterized by intense seismic and volcanic activity, where a few plates interact, leading to frequent seismic activity.

The sideways and downward movement of the edge of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate along the Pacific coast of Mexico is indeed a significant geological process that contributes to volcanic activity in the region.

As the Cocos Plate slides beneath the North American Plate, it generates intense heat and pressure in the Earth’s mantle, leading to the melting of rock and the formation of magma chambers, resulting in volcanic eruptions.

This geological activity not only poses risks to nearby populations due to potential volcanic eruptions but also creates fertile soils that support agriculture and contribute to the richness of the region’s biodiversity.

Active volcanoes of Mexico

Mexico’s diverse landscape is marked by several active volcanic belts. These belts are regions of intense volcanic activity, characterized by the presence of active and dormant volcanoes, lava flows, and other volcanic features.

• Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB)
• Eastern Volcanic Belt
• Western Volcanic Belt

Mexico’s active volcanic belts are a testament to the dynamic forces shaping the Earth’s crust. They not only contribute to the country’s stunning landscapes but also pose risks to nearby populations and communities.

Understanding the geology and activity of these volcanic belts is crucial for hazard assessment, mitigation, and scientific research.

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB)

The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, stretching from west to east across central Mexico, is one of the most prominent volcanic belts in the country. It is characterized by a chain of stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, and calderas, many of which are still active.

Notable volcanoes in the TMVB include Popocatépetl, Iztaccíhuatl, and Nevado de Toluca. These volcanoes pose significant hazards to nearby populations due to their frequent eruptions and associated risks such as lahars, ashfall, and pyroclastic flows.

Popocatépetl: Popocatépetl is Mexico’s second-highest peak and one of its most active volcanoes. Popocatépetl poses a significant hazard to nearby communities due to its explosive eruptions and potential lahars.

Iztaccíhuatl: Often referred to as the “Sleeping Woman”, Iztaccíhuatl is the third-highest peak in Mexico. While it is considered dormant, it still exhibits signs of volcanic activity, including fumaroles and hot springs.

Nevado de Toluca: This stratovolcano is the fourth-highest peak in Mexico and is characterized by its crater lakes. The volcano is currently dormant, and the last recorded eruption occurred over 10,000 years ago.

Eastern Volcanic Belt

The Eastern Volcanic Belt runs along the eastern coast of Mexico and extends into the Gulf of Mexico. This volcanic belt is home to several prominent stratovolcanoes, including Pico de Orizaba, Cofre de Perote, and Sierra Negra.

Pico de Orizaba, also known as Citlaltépetl, is the highest peak in Mexico and is considered dormant. However, it still poses geological hazards such as lahars and avalanches. Cofre de Perote is another notable volcano in this belt, exhibiting signs of past volcanic activity.

Pico de Orizaba: Pico de Orizaba is the highest peak in Mexico and the third highest in North America. This dormant stratovolcano is a prominent feature of the landscape and a popular destination for climbers.

Cofre de Perote: Located near the city of Xalapa (in Veracruz), Cofre de Perote is a stratovolcano with a history of eruptions. While it is currently dormant, it is closely monitored for any signs of renewed activity.

Western Volcanic Belt

The Western Volcanic Belt lies along Mexico’s western coast and extends into the Pacific Ocean. While less active than the TMVB, this volcanic belt still features several notable volcanoes.

Colima Volcano, also known as Volcán de Colima or Volcán de Fuego, is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico. Located in the state of Colima, it frequently experiences eruptions and poses hazards to nearby communities.

Colima Volcano: Also known as Volcán de Fuego, is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico. This stratovolcano has a long history of frequent eruptions, with the most recent significant eruption occurring in 2021.

Mexico’s volcanic landscape is a testament to the dynamic forces that shape our planet.

From the towering peaks of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt to the slopes of the Eastern and Western Volcanic Belts, these volcanoes serve as both a source of wonder and a reminder of the Earth’s ever-changing nature.

As Mexico continues to thrive amidst its volcanic terrain, it remains crucial to study and monitor these natural phenomena to mitigate the risks they pose to local communities and the environment.

Mexico caters to travelers of all financial backgrounds. Whether you’re looking for a romantic getaway, a family-friendly retreat, or an adventure-packed vacation, there’s an all-inclusive resort in Mexico waiting for you.

For budget-conscious travelers, Mexico offers affordable all-inclusive resorts that feature comfortable accommodations, and a variety of activities and amenities to ensure a memorable stay without breaking the bank.

On the other hand, if you’re seeking luxury, Mexico boasts an array of high-end all-inclusive resorts that redefine opulence. These resorts provide unparalleled luxury and personalized service to fulfill your every desire.

Here are some benefits of opting for an all-inclusive vacation in Mexico:

All-inclusive resorts provide everything you need for a relaxing getaway. From luxurious accommodation to gourmet dining options and exciting activities, you won’t have to worry about planning or budgeting for extras.

All-inclusive packages offer excellent value for money. You can enjoy unlimited food, beverages, and entertainment options without worrying about overspending, allowing you to make the most of your vacation budget.

Many all-inclusive resorts in Mexico boast a diverse range of dining options, from international cuisine to local cuisine specialties, so you’ll find something to tantalize your taste buds without leaving the cozy resort area.

From water sports and beachside yoga to nightly shows and themed parties, all-inclusive resorts offer a wide array of activities and entertainment for guests of all ages. You can stay as busy or as relaxed as you like.

Families traveling with children will appreciate the kid-friendly amenities and supervised activities. Kids’ clubs, splash parks, and teen hangouts ensure a memorable and enjoyable vacation experience for young guests.

With everything included in your package, you can relax and unwind without worrying about additional costs or unexpected expenses. Enjoy your vacations and focus on making memories and enjoying your time away.

Some of the most popular beach resorts in Mexico for all-inclusive vacations:

• Cancun and Riviera Maya
• Puerto Vallarta
• Acapulco
• Los Cabos

No matter which beach resort you choose, Mexico offers an unforgettable all-inclusive vacation filled with sun, sand, and relaxation. No matter your budget, you’ll find an all-inclusive resort in Mexico that fits your needs.

Whether you’re planning a romantic getaway, a family vacation, or a solo adventure, Mexico invites you to discover its beauty and the magic of its culture – all within the convenience and comfort of an all-inclusive resort.

These volcanic islands are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Situated approximately 800 km west of Manzanillo and 400 km south of Cabo San Lucas, the Revillagigedo Archipelago comprises four remote islands: San Benedicto, Socorro, Clarión, and the islet of Roca Partida.

Rising from an underwater mountain range, these islands boast landscapes that appear straight out of a science fiction film – active volcanoes, dramatic cliffs, lava ridges, and arches amidst the relentless waves.

The highest peak, Mount Evermann on Socorro Island, reaches a staggering 1700 m above sea level. Despite their isolation, these islands are teeming with life, making them a haven for scientists and nature enthusiasts.

The archipelago was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1994.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the archipelago is its endemic flora and fauna. Among the 25 species of seabirds inhabiting the islands, there are some of the rarest and most spectacular birds on the planet.

The surrounding waters of the archipelago are equally vibrant, hosting an astonishing variety of marine life, including over 321 species of fish, sharks, giant manta rays, and 16 different species of whales and dolphins.

Beneath the surface lies a hidden world of invertebrate species, from colorful crustaceans to intricate corals and mollusks. The unique ecosystem provides crucial habitats for these marine creatures, contributing to the overall health of the Pacific Ocean.

With their stunning landscapes, diverse wildlife, and fascinating geological history, these remote volcanic islands offer a truly unforgettable experience for adventurous seeking to explore Mexico’s lesser-known gems.

Popocatépetl’s activity does not pose a significant threat to Mexico City, despite being one of Mexico’s active volcanoes. This active volcano has long been a subject of interest due to its periodic gas emissions and ash fall.

The increased volcanic activity often raises concerns about the potential consequences of an eruption, including its impact on Mexico City. What happens if one day Popocatépetl erupts? What could be the damage?

Several towns are situated in the danger zone surrounding the Popocatépetl volcano, which extends from 10 km to 20 km from the crater. The nearest town to the crater is indeed Amecameca, located just 12 km away.

This proximity to the volcano makes Amecameca and the nearby towns particularly vulnerable to volcanic activity and underscores the importance of monitoring and disaster preparedness efforts in the region.

Can Popocatepetl Volcano pose a threat to Mexico City?

How close is the volcano to Mexico City? The Popocatépetl volcano is located about 72 km southeast of Mexico City, and it’s estimated roughly 25 million people live within a 96 km radius of the composite volcano.

Will Mexico City be affected in case of eruption? Situated 72 km southeast of the volcano, the capital’s proximity prompts questions about the likelihood of lava reaching the city and the potential damages it could cause.

Can the Popocatepetl destroy Mexico City?

A major eruption could cut off air traffic or suffocate Mexico City in clouds of choking ash.

Around the Popocatepetls summit are 6 cameras, a thermal imaging device, and 12 seismological monitoring stations, operating 24 hours a day and reporting information to an equipped command center in Mexico City.

13 scientists from a multidisciplinary team take turns staffing the command center around the clock. Being able to warn of an impending ash cloud is key so that people in nearby communities can take precautions.

Could volcanic lava reach CDMX in case of a major eruption?

Volcano Popocatepetl does not represent an alarm for CDMX. Experts from the Mexican Geological Society suggest that a large-scale eruption capable of reaching Mexico City with lava or magma is currently unlikely.

Since its awakening in 1994, when it began constant eruptions, the volcano’s explosive behavior with severe effects on the population has been rare, with the last major eruption occurring approx. 1,300 years ago.

Presently, Popocatépetl’s activity primarily consists of minor eruptions. Despite the uncertainty surrounding its initial activity 30 years ago, ongoing studies have indicated a decreasing probability of a major explosion.

The volcano’s “open conduit” system, including its crater, facilitates the release of gases, pyroclastic flows, and lava, thereby reducing the likelihood of significant increases in eruption magnitude going undetected.

In the unlikely event of heightened magma activity within Popocatépetl, it is reassuring to note that Mexico City and nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico are unlikely to be affected by incandescent materials.

Even in worst-case scenarios, lava reaching Mexico City remains improbable.

The most probable impact on the Valley of Mexico in the event of a major eruption would be the dispersion of ash. The likelihood of a significant increase in ash volume remains low based on current observations.

Mexico City is generally a safe destination for tourists, but like any large city, it’s important to use common sense and critical thinking and take basic precautions to ensure a safe experience while visiting Mexico City.

Is Mexico City safe?

Is Mexico City safe? Watching the news or Googling whether Mexico City is safe might leave you doubting whether you should even plan a trip there. News articles can focus on the negatives and be downright scary!

Crime is always a risk wherever you live or travel, especially in major cities.

While violent crime does occur in Mexico City, it’s important to remember that you run the risk of encountering violent crime in any major city. Mexico City has a lower crime rate than some states in the United States.

Most visitors who travel to Mexico City don’t have any issues with safety during their stay. The important things to remember are to use caution, avoid high-crime areas, and not involve yourself in illegal activities.

Safety tips for visiting Mexico City

Consider this list of tips to help you feel safe while exploring Mexico City!

• Don’t travel alone at night and stick to larger groups
• Learn a little basic Spanish
• Book accommodation in safe neighborhoods
• Don’t wear bright clothes or jewelry
• Don’t flash around your fancy phone or camera
• Avoid carrying lots of cash
• Avoid buying drugs or any other illegal activity
• Keep wallets on a chain and purses zipped
• Keep your mobile phone on you
• Know the emergency numbers – dial 911
• Avoid drinking tap water
• Buy travel insurance in advance
• Leave your passport in the hotel safe
• Use a legitimate taxi or Uber service
• Avoid areas with high crime rates

Costa Maya is located southeast of the Yucatan Peninsula between the Riviera Maya and Belize, just about 4 hours south of Cancun. This place has turquoise waters, fine white sand, palm trees, and sunshine.

Costa Maya is an ideal place for adventure, archaeological research, and sports tourism. The coastline has countless pristine beaches and the incomparable beauty of coral reefs, inland lagoons, and cenotes.

Costa Maya offers a captivating blend of natural beauty, rich cultural and historical heritage, and recreational opportunities that make it a must-visit destination for travelers seeking an unforgettable experience.

Whether you’re lounging on the beach, snorkeling among colorful marine life, or exploring ancient Mayan ruins, Costa Maya promises an immersive and rewarding adventure for visitors of all ages and budgets.

To ensure an enjoyable trip is well planned – in this guide, we cover essential tips for student travel in Mexico covering everything from safety measures to cultural insights.

Research and Planning

Before visiting Mexico, conducting extensive research is vitally important.

Familiarize yourself with each destination that you plan on visiting by learning about their culture, customs, and attractions. Reliable travel resources, such as blogs, official tourism websites, or reviews.

Establish Basic Spanish Phrases

While many Mexicans in tourist areas may speak English, making an effort to learn basic Spanish phrases will go a long way toward building connections and managing day-to-day interactions with them.

Simple greetings, thank-yous, and asking directions will enhance your experience and endear you to the locals.

Safety First

Student travelers must put safety as the top priority. Be well informed of the current safety situation in each location you plan on visiting and follow any travel advisories issued for those areas.

Secure all belongings when traveling alone in crowded places, avoid flashing valuables openly, share your itinerary with someone back home, and stay in contact via social media or messaging apps to stay connected while away.

Choose Accommodations Wisely

When selecting accommodation that fits within your budget while still meeting safety and comfort needs, hostels often prove more cost-effective and provide opportunities for meeting fellow travelers.

Read reviews on reliable platforms such as LinkedIn Pulse to gauge other travelers’ experiences.

Transportation Tips in Mexico

Mexico offers an expansive and diverse transportation network.

Buses offer both cost-efficiency and scenic routes for long-distance travel, while short-distance travel within cities may involve walking or using local public transit such as buses and metro systems.

Ridesharing services may also provide convenient transport, but before getting in one always verify their legitimacy first.

Explore Local Cuisine

One of the main draws of traveling to Mexico is undoubtedly its diverse and delicious cuisine. Take the opportunity to sample authentic Mexican flavors while remaining mindful of hygiene standards – check online platforms for advice about must-try eateries in your region.

Connect With Fellow Travelers

Traveling as a student provides unparalleled opportunities to network and meet like-minded individuals.

Join online forums, and social media groups or attend local events to meet fellow travelers and share experiences and tips – ultimately enriching the journey and leading to lifelong friendships!

Respect Local Customs and Traditions

Mexico offers an impressive diversity in culture, and learning about and respecting its customs is key for your experience there.

Get familiar with social etiquette, dress codes, and religious practices such as greeting people with “Buenos dias” (good morning) or “Buenas tardes” (good afternoon). In most situations, greetings may begin with either of these greetings.

Explore Beyond Tourist Hotspots

While visiting popular tourist spots is important, discovering less-visited locations can offer more of an authentic experience. Explore local neighborhoods, attend community events, and engage with residents to gain a deeper insight into Mexican culture.

Stay Aware and Open

Flexibility is at the core of any successful travel experience. Keep abreast of local events, festivals, or any changes that arise in your itinerary that require alteration to ensure that every adventure turns into memories that last a lifetime.

Volunteer or Attend Cultural Workshops

Consider adding volunteer work or cultural workshops to your itinerary. Engaging with local communities by volunteering or learning traditional crafts and arts can give a deeper connection with a destination and its people.

Budget Wisely

Student travelers often travel on tight budgets, making financial planning even more critical. Keep track of expenses, prioritize experiences, and look for budget-friendly options like street markets, local shops, or public transportation (which is usually less costly).

Maintain Hydration and Be Aware of Health

Mexico can have extreme climate variations, and staying hydrated is key for enjoying its many attractions. Carry a reusable water bottle around and refill it throughout the day.

Also, practice good hygiene by practicing good restful sleeping patterns and being cautious with street food choices. Check reviews online to identify pharmacies or medical facilities should an emergency arise.

Conclusion

Student travel in Mexico provides an amazing opportunity for personal and cultural discovery. By conducting thorough research, demonstrating cultural awareness, and engaging in adventurous experiences you can maximize the experience.

Stay safe, connect with other travelers, and savor all that Mexico offers; just follow these tips to ensure an enriching and unforgettable student travel journey experience!

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When deciding between Cancun and Playa del Carmen, there are factors to consider for each destination. To help you make an informed decision, let’s take a closer look at what each of these fantastic destinations has to offer.

Consider your priorities – whether it’s lively nightlife, pristine sandybeaches, or a more laid-back atmosphere. Both Cancun and Playa del Carmen offer unique experiences, so it depends on what aligns with your preferences.

Cancun: a tropical paradise for travelers

Cancu is a dream destination for beach lovers and adventure seekers alike. Cancun offers a perfect blend of stunning natural beauty, rich history, and modern amenities, making it an ideal spot for a memorable vacation.

Cancun pros:

• Cancun is renowned for its pristine, white sand beaches.
• Cancun boasts a vibrant nightlife with entertainment options.
• Wide range of shopping options, from local markets to high-end stores.
• Cancun is close to various attractions like Chichen Itza and Tulum.

Cancun cons:

• Cancun can be crowded, especially during peak seasons.
• Cancun is too commercialized and caters heavily to tourists.

One-day excursions from Cancun:

• Easy access to Isla Mujeres island.
• Holbox: This beach area is also convenient to reach.
• Visit Chichen Itza through Valladolid.
• Akumal offers the opportunity to meet sea turtles.

How about a Cancun budget?

• Cancun offers many luxury resorts that can match any budget.
• For nightlife activities, check the costs of tickets and bars at the clubs.

Whether you are seeking relaxation, adventure, or a mix of both, Cancun has something to offer. This tropical paradise is sure to leave you with unforgettable memories and a yearning to return to its beautiful shores.

Playa del Carmen: a gateway to the Riviera Maya

Playa del Carmen, a charming coastal town located in the heart of the Riviera Maya on the Caribbean coast, is a hidden gem that’s gaining recognition among travelers seeking a perfect mix of tranquility and adventure.

Playa del Carmen pros:

• Playa del Carmen has a more relaxed and charming atmosphere.
• Fifth Avenue with shops, cafes, and restaurants.
• Gateway to Cozumel, a renowned scuba diving destination.
• The area is known for its cenotes perfect for swimming.

Playa del Carmen cons:

• The nightlife might be considered less vibrant than in Cancun.
• Beaches are beautiful but may be smaller compared to Cancun.

One-day excursions from Playa del Carmen:

• Easy access to Tulum ruins and beautiful beaches.
• Easy ferry access to Cozumel Island.
• Various parks, including Xel-Ha and Xcaret, are easily accessible.
• Akumal provides opportunities for snorkeling with sea turtles.

How about a Playa del Carmen budget?

• Playa del Carmen offers more affordable hotel and dining options.
• Local markets can be a more budget-friendly shopping option.

If you’re looking for a laid-back yet adventurous destination with a touch of Mexican charm, Playa del Carmen is the place to be. This popular Caribbean destination offers a perfect mix of relaxation and exploration.

On October 25, 2023, Hurricane Otis struck Acapulco, reaching the status of a category 5 hurricane. The hurricane caused severe damage to Acapulco’s infrastructure, causing electricity, water, Internet, and gasoline outages.

The scale of destruction was unprecedented.

Acapulco is situated alongside a beautiful semi-circular bay. Its golden era was during the 1950s when Hollywood celebrities and the upper class desired to relax on its shores. Back then, Acapulco was too costly for regular tourists.

Acapulco’s rise to global renown was influenced by events like Edward, Prince of Wales’s visit in 1920, and its selection as the preferred getaway for Hollywood stars such as Elizabeth Taylor and Frank Sinatra.

Development

Transforming from a city with just 5,000 residents to 50,000 in a few decades requires significant investments, infrastructure, real estate development, and a clear goal of becoming a top-tier tourist destination.

This transformation led to the replacement of the old two-lane highway that connected Mexico City to Acapulco, traveled by famous figures like Diego Rivera, Frida Kahlo, and María Félix, with a modern highway in 1992.

This new road significantly reduced the travel time between Mexico City and Acapulco from 7 hours to around 3,5 hours. Additionally, was built the airport.

Acapulco’s appeal predates the modern highway. During World War II, when Europe was difficult to access, Hollywood elites began arriving in Acapulco by boat. In the 1950s and 1960s, it became a secret retreat for California’s A-list celebrities.

John F. and Jacqueline Kennedy spent their honeymoon in Acapulco. John Wayne, Johnny Weismüller, and Errol Flynn had properties there. Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, Agustín Lara, and Raphael sang to Acapulco.

Over time, Acapulco evolved from a quiet coastal town to a bustling city with a population of approximately two million during the holiday season. Acapulco has also been a popular choice for many Mexican celebrities.

Despite its transformation into a tourist destination, Acapulco maintains its historical significance, with ancient relics and a role in the Mexican War of Independence and the Mexican Revolution.

As Acapulco gained worldwide fame, it transitioned from an exclusive destination to one open to mass tourism, attracting people from all walks of life. The sun, beach, and diving became the hallmark of Acapulco’s tourism.

Tourism model: sun, beach, and diving

Acapulco serves as an international laboratory for tourism infrastructure and services development, aligning with the model of sun and beach destinations that have propelled tourism in other regions.

Its growth significantly contributed to the national economy and provided a steady source of income for the city.

Acapulco’s tourist development is diverse, encompassing the densely built Golden Zone, known for golf, and the historic center, which embodies traditional Mexican charm with its bustling plaza, zocalo, church, and street vendors.

One of Acapulco’s iconic attractions that put it on the world map is the breathtaking “diving” from the Quebrada, a 35-meter high cliff, a practice dating back to 1934.

Capacity for reinvention

In the 1990s, Acapulco shifted from serving Hollywood stars to becoming a symbol of domestic tourism, offering a more authentic Mexican experience compared to other more sanitized local tourist destinations like Los Cabos or Cancun.

Despite security challenges that have impacted its image, Acapulco continues to look ahead, renovating buildings, restoring facades, and beautifying historic neighborhoods. With a century of tourism history, Acapulco remains committed to a bright future.

Why are the Aztecs sometimes called Mexicas? Are Mexicans really Aztecs or Mexicas? What is the difference between both terms or they are the same? Is it more accurate to call the Aztec Empire the Mexica Empire?

To uncover this fascinating historical mystery, we must journey into the past and investigate the origins of the Aztec civilization and the Mexica people, whose complex history was relatively short in historical terms.

Aztecs were actually called Mexica

Those we usually call Aztecs called themselves Mexicas.

The term “Mēxihco” or “Mēxihcah” (“Mexica”) originally referred to the Mexica people, who were one of the indigenous groups inhabiting the Valley of Mexico. “Mēxihcah” is the plural form of the word “mēxihcatl”.

The Mexica were one of these Nahuatl-speaking groups, who are best known for their establishment of the Mexica Empire (commonly referred to as the Aztec Empire) and the founding of the city of Tenochtitlan.

People from Aztlan

To the Aztecs themselves the word “Aztec” was not an endonym for any particular ethnic group. Rather, “Aztec” was a general term used to refer to several ethnic groups, that claimed heritage from the mythical Aztlan.

“Aztēcah” is the plural form of the word “aztēcatl” (“people from Aztlan”).

Aztlán was the ancestral home of the Mexicas. Aztlan is mentioned in several ethnohistorical sources dating from the colonial period. Whether Aztlan was a real location or purely mythological is still a matter of debate.

In the Nahuatl, “Aztlan” means “the Place of Whiteness” or “the Place of the Heron”.

The exact etymology of the word “Aztec” is still not entirely clear, but it is associated with the mythical Aztlan, the presumed place of origin of the Mexicas before they migrated to the Valley of Mexico in the 14th century.

While each source cites varying lists of the different tribal groups who participated in the migration from Aztlan to central Mexico, the Mexica who went on to found Mexico-Tenochtitlan are mentioned in all of the sources.

Who were the Aztecs?

Alexander von Humboldt originated the modern usage of “Aztec” in 1810, as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion, and language to the Mexica city-state and the Triple Alliance.

In 1843, the term “Aztecs” was adopted by most, including 19th-century Mexican scholars who saw it as a way to distinguish present-day Mexicans from pre-conquest Mexicas. The term “Aztec” is still more common.

Some of the Indigenous cultures that most people commonly call Aztecs:

• Mexicas
• Texcocans
• Tlatelolcans
• Tlacopans
• Xochimilcans
• Chalca

These are a few examples of the pre-Hispanic indigenous cultures. Before the Spanish time, the Valley of Mexico was a complex and diverse region with various city-states, each with its history and characteristics.

On August 15, 2019, a man named Ignacio Anaya García appeared in the doodle on the Google search page. It was the 124th anniversary of his birth (1895) and the artist Alfonso de Anda was in charge of designing it.

The doodle showed a waiter creating one of the most famous snacks in the world: nachos, and his story is fascinating. This 2023 marks 80 years since the creation of one of undisputed the most popular snacks, nachos.

Nachos were accidentally invented

Two daughters of Ignacio Anaya García, Elia Margarita and Norma Antonia, revealed that a group of American women, wives of soldiers from the nearby Eagle Pass Army Air Base, stopped at Club Victoria for a drink.

At that moment there was no cook in the club, so their father Nacho improvised a snack for them. He melted shredded Wisconsin cheese over slices of jalapenos and “totopos” creating what he called “Nacho’s Special”.

Totopos – famous Mexican toasted corn tortilla

“Nacho’s Special” became popular and word quickly spread that they were served at “Club Victoria”. Ignacio Anaya García included them on his menu and the recipe even appeared in an “American Cookbook” in 1949.

Soon, other places in Piedras Negras and surrounding places imitated the formula and started selling nachos. In 1961, when the Victoria Club closed, Ignacio Anaya García opened his own place and called it “El Nacho”.

The original nachos were crunchy, cheesy, and truly Mexican.

Ignacio (Nacho) never patented his creation. Nachos have even given rise to a festival, the Nacho Fest Piedras Negras, which is celebrated every October in Piedras Negras around the 21st – the International Nacho Day.

His legacy is still more alive and culinary than ever. There is a plaque in Piedras Negras, in honor of its inventor, and in December 2022 the inhabitants of this border city gathered to create the largest nacho in the world.

From a Mexican invention to a Tex-Mex icon

Texas Mexican foods were being adapted and served as Tex-Mex.

Tex-Mex restaurants made nachos an essential part of the menu, mixing the corn chips with cooked ground meat, sour cream, table salsa, pico de gallo, guacamole, pickled jalapeños, carne asada, black olives, and more.

It was Frank Liberto, a businessman from Texas, who took nachos to the masses in the 1970s. Liberto introduced ballpark nachos in 1976 at a Texas Rangers baseball game, then in 1977 at a Dallas Cowboys football game.

From there, famous nachos appeared at stadiums and movie theaters throughout the USA, and then one country after another.

Hurricanes frequently happen in Mexico. The National Hurricane Center in Miami, USA, is responsible for maintaining historical records of tropical cyclones and has jurisdiction over Region IV, which also includes Mexico.

In the past, Mexico has been hit by five major category 5 hurricanes along its Atlantic coast. This means that not only did the recent Hurricane Otis leave its mark, but there were 5 other major hurricanes even stronger than Otis.

• Beulah (1967)
• Anita (1977)
• Gilbert (1988)
• Janet (1995)
• Dean (2007)

While there were only 3 hurricanes of such category in the Pacific Ocean:

• Patricia (2015)
• Otis (2023)
• Milton (2024)

These hurricanes caused severe damage and significant economic losses on the Mexican Atlantic coast. However, they also had positive impacts, such as replenishing aquifers and reservoirs vital to livestock and agriculture.

Hurricane Patricia

However, the most powerful hurricane to hit Mexico was Patricia in 2015. It was the strongest hurricane ever observed in the Western Hemisphere and the strongest one in terms of sustained maximum winds in the world.

Patricia originated from a tropical disturbance and quickly gained strength, reaching category 5. Initially considered the deadliest hurricane for Mexico, it was later classified as the world’s deadliest hurricane in recorded history.

Patricia quickly lost her strength after making landfall on the Mexican coast.

Hurricane Otis

On October 25, 2023, Acapulco was hit by Hurricane Otis in the state of Guerrero. The cyclone surprised the international community by transforming from a tropical storm into a category 5 hurricane in less than 12 hours.

Unexpectedly, wind speeds changed from 64 km/h to an incredible 270 km/h. This atypical behavior shattered the country’s historical intensification records and was considered statistically incredible by Mexican authorities.

Hurricanes continue to be an ongoing problem in Mexico.

Understanding hurricane intensity and behavior is critical to disaster preparedness and mitigation. Hurricanes Patricia and Otis serve as a reminder of the importance of vigilance and effective response to extreme weather events.

A common mistake is to focus on daytime activities when traveling and miss out on the nighttime experiences that a city has to offer. Nighttime can create a unique and enchanting atmosphere to explore and enjoy.

If you want to make the most of your trip after the sun goes down, consider walking along well-lit city streets, visiting local night markets, visiting nightclubs or bars, or taking a night tour to see the city in a different light.

When the sun goes down, any city takes on a unique and different character that is worth discovering. Seeing the main attractions of the Mexican capital illuminated will give you a very different perspective of its beauty.

Mexico’s rich culture is fully revealed after sunset. There are monthly museum nights and night tours of Aztec sites. Don’t miss the Mexican lucha libre show. Visit the witch markets for a more colorful experience.

Walk along the Paseo de la Reforma and admire the emblematic Angel of Independence and other iconic monuments along the avenue that runs from Chapultepec to the Historic Center in the direction of the Zocalo.

Don’t forget to capture memorable moments under the moonlight!

Night excursion by tourist bus

In the evening, the streets of Mexico City come alive with music and street performances. This lively atmosphere and the illuminated cityscape against the night sky provide many beautiful moments for taking photos.

A night excursion in a convertible tour bus is a fantastic way to enjoy Mexico City under the moonlight. This experience can provide a unique insight into the city’s attractions and beautifully lit iconic places and sights.

The tourist bus is designed with your comfort in mind. Many buses have open-top seats, providing an unobstructed view of the city’s illuminated landmarks. Sit comfortably and get ready for an amazing excursion.

The night tour will take you through the most iconic lit landmarks of Mexico City.

A night tour on a tourist bus is an informative and memorable way to experience the city’s illuminated beauty with a unique perspective on the city’s charm, making it an educational and enjoyable part of your adventure.

Check the tourist bus schedules and availability in advance and enjoy the trip!

Visit nocturn Zocalo

Visiting the Zocalo at night can be a magical experience. Zócalo is Mexico City’s historical and cultural center. At night the place often comes alive with various activities, beautiful lighting, and a vibrant atmosphere.

And admire the impressive Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Palace.

Visit the Torre Latinoamericana observation deck

The Torre Latinoamericana’s observation deck is a fantastic way to enjoy panoramic views of Mexico City at night. The observation deck on the 44th floor offers breathtaking, impressive views of the city both day and night.

At night the panoramic views of Mexico City turn into a dazzling sea of lights.

Palacio de Belles Artes

The Palacio de Bellas Artes puts on a variety of cultural shows throughout the year. The building itself is an impressive sight, with an art nouveau and neoclassical exterior that overlooks the Alameda Central Park.

Palacio de Belles Artes serves as an art museum and a performance hall. Opera, theatre, classical music, dance, and exhibitions are some of the many events that take place within.

Visit the Condesa Borough

Condesa is Mexico City’s thriving party capital, with many trendy clubs and bars. This area is on the edge of Chapultepec Park with several boulevards lined with Art Nouveau mansions, casual eateries, cafes, and boutiques.

Enjoying cocktails at the rooftop bar and watching the city lights is a great way to unwind. Mexico City is famous for its neon lights after dark, so be sure to admire it from above. There are countless rooftop bars in the city.

Visit Plaza Garibaldi

Plaza Garibaldi is a famous square in Mexico City known for its Mariachi music.

Mariachi music is truly an integral part of Mexican culture. If you want to immerse yourself in local culture and enjoy Mexico City’s vibrant music scene, don’t miss the opportunity to see a live Mariachi music performance.

Mariachi bands are known for their energetic and passionate performances wearing traditional attire and performing various musical instruments. Mariachi performance is an unforgettable part of Mexico City nightlife.

Night of the Museums

The Night of the Museums is a monthly event that involves over 40 of Mexico City’s museums and galleries. The Night of the Museums is organized by the Mexican government to promote the history and culture of the city.

These venues stay open until around 22:00 – great for museum-hopping.

Mexican “lucha libre” wrestling show

Lucha libre is a popular form of professional wrestling in Mexico, known for its colorful masks and high-flying acrobatics. You can find events at various locations throughout Mexico, including the famous Arena Mexico.

These events often feature talented “luchadores” who put on spectacular shows.

You can check local event listings or official websites of wrestling organizations for show schedules and ticket information if you plan to attend a “lucha libre” wrestling event. Enjoy the exciting world of Mexican wrestling!

However, there is always a certain percentage of uncertainty in estimates.

What is a Hurricane Otis?

On October 24, it was a tropical storm, and the next day, Hurricane Otis unexpectedly went from category 1 to category 5. The hurricane’s impact on Acapulco’s infrastructure was devastating and unprecedented.

There is no record of any hurricane of this intensity in this part of Mexico – states the Central Pacific Hurricane Center, an agency dependent on the Office of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Where did Hurricane Otis impact?

At noon on Tuesday, October 24, Otis was a tropical storm. It took 9 hours for its intensity to reach its maximum point and become a category 5 hurricane. The devastating cyclone made landfall on the Acapulco coast.

Hurricane Otis went from category 1 to category 5 in just 24 hours.

Hurricane Otis was the first hurricane on the Mexican Pacific coast to make landfall at category 5 intensity and surpassed Hurricane Patricia in 2015 as the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the Pacific on record.

The highway bypass at Pie de la Cuesta, in Acapulco, Guerrero, was split into a section 8 meters wide after the passage of Hurricane Otis

The passage of Otis caused great devastation in the state of Guerrero, being one of the strongest hurricanes to have hit the coasts of the Mexican Pacific. It caused a widespread electricity outage in Acapulco, which was cut off.

What happened in Acapulco with Hurricane Otis?

Otis arrived on Wednesday at 12:25 with winds of more than 250 km/h and hit Acapulco as a category 5 hurricane. Acapulco, one of the tourist gems of Mexico was left without electricity, water,  internet, and gasoline.

Acapulco was unprepared for such a disaster. Hurricane Otis disabled the airport and destroyed the Princess Hotel on Revolcadero Beach. The hurricane damaged the stadium where the Mexican Tennis Open was played.

Hurricane Otis also dismantled the yacht club and the fishing fleet of Acapulco.

Hurricane severely damaged hotels on the Costera Miguel Alemán, but above all, it devastated the homes of tens of thousands of people and burst the electrical service networks, which left the Acapulco without water.

Otis impacted Acapulco bringing death and destruction.

Hurricane Otis downed power lines, uprooted trees, and unleashed torrential flooding and mudslides. Beyond its devastating impact on human life and property, the hurricane damaged the surrounding rainforest area.

Acapulco is located at the foot of the mountains, surrounded by forests. This image shows the city and its surroundings before and after Otis’ attack. The landscape near the city changes from lush green vegetation to brown.

Images of Acapulco and the bay taken by the OLI sensor on Landsat 8 on September 21, 2023 (before Hurricane Otis passed), and the OLI-2 sensor on Landsat 9 after the passage of Hurricane Otis on October 31, 2023.

Hurricanes affect and disturb temperate and tropical forests in the coastal regions. Strong winds strip leaves from trees and break branches, and heavy rain combined with wind makes it easy to uproot trees from wet soils.

The damage to vegetation in the mountain area outside Acapulco is especially. Trees at high elevations and on steep slopes are more likely to suffer damage during storms because they are more exposed to high wind speeds.

Gods were perceived as powerful beings who controlled various aspects of the natural world, human activity, and cosmic phenomena. Their pantheon was vast and varied, reflecting the Aztecs’ complex worldview.

The Aztecs believed that their gods required offerings, including even human sacrifice, to ensure the continued harmony of the universe, maintain cosmic order, and prevent natural disasters and catastrophes.

Many Aztec gods personified both creative and destructive forces. For example, Tlaloc, the rain god, could cause rains to keep crops alive, but could also cause devastating floods and storms if not properly appeased.

The gods were central figures in Aztec religion and culture. Although some gods could be perceived as harsh, they were important to the Aztec understanding of the cosmos and the formation of Aztec society and worldview.

What did the Aztec gods look like?

Here are some images, generated by Artificial Intelligence, of what the pre-Hispanic gods Tlaloc, Huitzilopochtli, Coatlicue, Xipe Totec, and Quetzalcoatl would be like due to the available information and descriptions.

From explanations preserved through the Aztec Codices, legends passed down from generation to generation, and images found in stone and petroglyphs, we can know how the Aztecs imagined their gods would look.

Thanks to these surviving descriptions and images, Artificial Intelligence, was able to create images of what the Aztec gods would have looked like. There are several interpretations of how the Aztecs saw their deities.

Mexico City was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The city of Tenochtitlan was built in 1325 on an island off the western shore of Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico (Valley Anahuac).

According to Aztec mythology, Huitzilopochtli, the god of war, sent them to go to a new place beyond their former lands and build a city on the spot where they saw an eagle sitting on a cactus and devouring a snake.

The Aztecs built an extensive network of canals and artificial islands – chinampas. These so-called “floating islands” were also used for agricultural purposes, providing high yields and feeding a growing population.

Over time, Mexico City grew and expanded, the canal systems were filled to build roads, and the foundation of the lake bed was forgotten. This led to the overuse of groundwater, soil collapse, and flooding of the city.

Canals of Xochimilco

The canals of Xochimilco are not only a popular destination for boat trips. These canals and the man-made islands that surround them – chinampas – are silent witnesses to Mexico City’s distant pre-Columbian past.

The technology for making chinampas was developed in Mesoamerica before the Aztecs, but it was the Aztecs who used it on a huge scale. Despite the common term “floating gardens”, chinampas do not actually float.

Famous chinampas are built by creating a fence using wooden stakes on the lake. This enclosure is then filled with alternating layers of mud and decaying vegetation until solid ground is formed above the water level.

An artificial island is thus formed and trees are planted along the edges since the roots of the trees help prevent erosion.

Chinampas of Xochimilco

Chinampas are artificial islands held together by wooden stakes and tree roots. The mixture of dirt and vegetation makes the soil very fertile and is one of the reasons why the chinampas are extremely productive.

The canal water also contains fish, which not only provides more food but also adds nitrogen-rich manure, which in turn fertilizes the plants. The fish in the canals from which chinampa was prepared had benefits.

Fish served as an additional source of food, and played a crucial role in fertilizing crops. Their nitrogen-rich excrement acted as a natural fertilizer for plants grown, increasing the agricultural productivity of chinampas.

This farming system was an ingenious way to maximize agricultural efficiency.

Generally, no irrigation is required as the plants absorb water directly from the channels, and overuse of water is prevented as the plants only absorb the water they need. The system is also drought and flood-resistant.

Chinampas that are used today function a little differently. Greenhouses are usually used. Today, instead of producing food, Xochimilco’s chinampas are mainly used to grow the flowers for which Xochimilco is famous.

The also Aztecs grew flowers in the chinampas of Xochimilco. Xichimilco means “garden of flowers” in the Nahuatl language. However, since chinampas are very productive, they are also good for small-scale farming.

Chinampas are very productive, and although today they are mainly used for growing flowers, they also have the potential for efficient food production, which could help reduce poverty and improve food security.

The network of canals and chinampas in Xochimilco today is just a glimpse of what it used to be. Urban sprawl, climate change, pesticides, pollution, and neglect are all contributing to the slow destruction of the chinampas.

Today, these systems of canals and chinampas face many threats, and one of them is the spread of invasive water hyacinths, which can be seen congregating near the shorelines, posing challenges to the local ecosystem.

From a floating city to a sinking city

The Aztecs were great engineers. The canals and chinampas of Xochimilco are only a small part of the original network of canals and artificial islands that spanned the city of Tenochtitlan and its surrounding areas.

These canal systems were connected to a system of dams, levees, and aqueducts that together helped provide water to the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan while simultaneously controlling the water levels in the canals.

The Aztecs also used terraces and irrigation canals to produce enough food.

When the Spanish arrived, Tenochtitlan had about 200,000 inhabitants. But the Aztecs could not even dream that several centuries later a metropolis with a 20 million population would lie on the same foundation.

The Spaniards drained canals, and the land began to appear solid, but the former lake bed could never be truly solid. When the system of aqueducts and canals collapsed, Mexico City began to pump out groundwater.

And then the problems began…

Groundwater is being drawn from aquifers beneath Mexico City faster than it is naturally replenished, causing the land to subsidence. This process causes buildings to lean and crack as the ground beneath them settles.

Many buildings in Mexico City are leaning because the ground beneath them is eroding due to overuse of groundwater. In this context, the canals and chinampas of Xochimilco serve as silent reminders of the city’s past.

Legend has it that Hernán Cortés shed tears at the Tree of the Sad Night, located along the Mexico-Tacuba causeway in Mexico City, after his defeat by the Aztecs. However, this story is limited by historical evidence.

The conquest of Mexico is one of the most painful chapters in the country’s history. In 1519, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico with his troops and reached the grand Aztec city of Tenochtitlan.

The sight of the Aztec capital and its grandeur left Spaniards in awe.

On November 8, 1519, Hernan Cortés encountered Moctezuma. Cortés and his men were hosted in the Palace of Axayácatl, where they discovered a vast treasure while attempting to establish an altar to Christianity.

The hidden treasure fueled Cortez’s desire to conquer the Aztec Empire. Cortes created an alliance with the indigenous oppressed by the Aztecs, who sought to free themselves from the heavy tribute imposed on them.

La Noche Triste meaning

“La Noche Triste” (“The Night of Sorrows”) refers to the night of June 30 to July 1, 1520, when the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his forces suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of the Aztecs in Tenochtitlán.

After tensions escalated between the Spanish and the Aztecs, Cortés and his men attempted to flee the city under the cover of darkness. However, they were ambushed by Aztec warriors, leading to significant Spanish losses.

The event marked a turning point in the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

Noche Triste history

The very dramatic retreat of Hernán Cortés and his forces from Tenochtitlan (a modern-day Mexico City) turned into a disaster when they were ambushed by Aztec warriors along the causeway, causing massive casualties.

The tragic events of the “Night of Sorrows” remain one of the most significant episodes of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, symbolizing both the resilience of the Aztecs and the relentless ambition of the Spanish forces.

Just a year later, Cortés regrouped, formed new alliances with indigenous groups opposed to the Aztecs, and launched a new prolonged military campaign that ultimately led to the fall of Tenochtitlán and the Aztec Empire.

Tree of Sad Night legend

The most famous and controversial episode of the conquest is undoubtedly known as the “Noche Triste” (“Sad Night”). This was when the Spanish and their indigenous allies were defeated and forced to flee Tenochtitlan.

Legend says that Hernán Cortés, the Spanish conqueror, then stopped at an Ahuehuete tree to weep his defeat. This tree can still be found on the Mexico-Tacuba causeway near the Popotla metro station in Mexico City.

The story has no documentary evidence. According to legends, this event took place on June 30, 1520, when Spaniards and their allies fled Tenochtitlan at night to escape a merciless Aztec siege at the Axayacatl Palace.

Both Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo described those moments.

But in his 2nd letter to Carlos V, Cortés doesn’t mention crying at the foot of the tree. He described their escape from Tenochtitlan to Tacuba, where the alleged incident at the Tree of the Sorrowful Night is said to have occurred:

“Arriving in the said city of Tacuba, I found all the people gathered in a square, not knowing where to go […]

In this disarray, it was recorded that a hundred and fifty Spaniards and forty-five mares and horses perished, along with over two thousand Indian allies who served the Spaniards”.

Hernan Cortés does not mention shedding tears at the tree, despite the terrible losses suffered by his people and their indigenous allies. However, Bernal Díaz del Castillo mentions Cortés shedding tears in this context:

“Let’s go back to Pedro de Alvarado, who, when Cortés and the other captains found him in that state and saw that no more soldiers were coming, had tears in his eyes. Pedro de Alvarado said that Juan Velázquez de León was among those who perished.”

Again, there is no mention of the presence of a tree, but Cortés’ tears are mentioned.

Legend points to the Ahuehuete tree located on the current Mexico-Tacuba causeway as the spot where a despondent Cortés wept his defeat, although there is no concrete evidence to confirm this fact.

Despite the lack of substantiated information, José María Velasco, the foremost Mexican painter of the 19th century, in 1891 created the famous painting of the tree – “El Sabino de Popotla” (“The tree of the Sad Night”).

The Mayans, who once flourished in this area, left behind a remarkable legacy.

Mayan cities in the Yucatán began to appear around 2000 BCE. Over time, they reached their peak of architectural and cultural glory during the Classic Period, which spanned from approximately 250 CE to 900 CE.

During this time, the Maya built city-states like Chichen Itza, Tikal, Uxmal, and Palenque. The towering pyramids, intricate temples, and observatories showcase the Mayans’ knowledge of astronomy and mathematics.

The decline of the Mayan civilization is a topic of ongoing debate among historians and scholars. It is believed to be associated with factors such as overpopulation, environmental stress, warfare, and resource depletion.

The arrival of the Spaniards marked a significant turning point in the history of the Yucatán. By the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived, many of these ancient city-states had already been abandoned or were in decline.

Over time, Spaniards imposed their culture, religion, and authority on the region, resulting in the amazing blend of Mayan and Spanish influences that can still be seen today in the local culture, architecture, and traditions.

The Yucatan Peninsula has a rich history and a great ancient heritage. If you happen to travel to the Riviera Maya, don’t miss the opportunity to visit these amazing Mayan city-states scattered all over the Yucatan.

Archaeological sites along the Riviera Maya coastline:

• Tulum
• Coba
• Xel-Ha
• Xcaret
• El Rey
• Isla Mujeres
• San Gervasio (Cozumel)

Archaeological sites near Chetumal:

• Oxtankah
• Kohunlich
• Dzibanche
• Calakmul
• Kinichna
• Becan

Archaeological sites near Valladolid:

• Chichen Itza
• Ek Balam

Archaeological sites near Merida:

• Dzibilchaltun
• Uxmal
• Muyil
• Sayil
• Labna
• Mayapan
• Kabah
• Izamal

Archaeological sites near Campeche:

• Edzna

These one-day excursions are to explore the ancient Mayan ruins in a short time.

Travelers have the freedom to choose between local transport such as buses or “colectivos”, private transfer, or opting for guided tours to gain deeper insights into the history and culture of pre-Hispanis Yucatan regions.

The inauguration of the Maya Tren adds an exciting new dimension to travel across the Yucatan Peninsula. The Maya Tren provides a convenient easy and efficient way to explore the Yucatan region and its wonders.

The Maya Tren is an additional option for an easy, eco-friendly, and time-efficient means of experiencing the rich Mayan historic and cultural remarkable heritage across the Yucatan Peninsula and the state of Chiapas.

This species became the national tree of Mexico in 1921 and holds that title to this day. The Montezuma bald cypress has been present in the mythology of indigenous groups due to its enormous size and numerous uses.

The tree is widely known in Mexico as Ahuehuete and Sabino.

Ahuehuete has more than 20 names. The tree is known as Taxodium mucronatum, Montezuma bald Cypress, sabino, and weeping willow. This species is native to the Southwestern United States, Mexico, and Guatemala.

The national tree of Mexico

The Ahuehuete became the national tree of Mexico in 1921.

The tree was considered sacred in the pre-Columbian Mexico. For the Aztecs, the combined connotation of the words “huehuetl” and “pochotl” (Ceiba pentandra) metaphorically represented the power of the ruler.

According to legend, Hernán Cortés wept at the Ahuehuete tree in Popotla (then a small village and today a neighborhood of Mexico City) after his defeat at the Battle of La Noche Trista (“The Sorrowful Night Battle”).

The use of Ahuehuete or Sabino trees

Ahuehuete trees have been used as ornamental trees since ancient times.

The Aztecs planted Ahuehuete trees along processional paths in the so-called chinampas (“floating gardens”) in the shallow lakes of the Valley of Mexico by adding soil to rectangular areas enclosed by trees.

They also lined the region’s canals prior to the Spanish conquest.

Ahuehuetes are frequently cultivated in Mexican parks and gardens. The wood is used to make house beams and furniture. The Aztecs used its resin to treat gout, ulcers, skin diseases, wounds, and toothaches.

A decoction made from the bark was used as a diuretic and an emmenagogue. Pitch derived from the wood was used as a cure for bronchitis The leaves acted as a relaxant and could help reduce itching.

The foliage is used to decorate church altars during religious ceremonies.

In Mexican alternative medicine, the bark of the Ahuehuete tree, its resin, and leaves are used to treat various diseases, mainly burned bark, as an astringent and healing agent, and even to heal burns and ulcers.

The Ahuehuete wood is soft and weak, so its use in construction is limited.

Ahuehete trees can live more than 3 thousand years.

Traveling abroad often comes with safety concerns.

• Is the Riviera Maya safe for tourists?
• Is public transportation safe in the Riviera Maya?
• Is it safe to walk around Cancun, Playa del Carmen, or Tulum at night?
• Where to go in case of unforeseen situations and emergencies?

Safety is often a top concern for tourists. From understanding local customs to navigating transportation and knowing where to go in case of an emergency, being informed can be critical to ensuring a smooth and enjoyable trip.

Is safety a concern in Riviera Maya?

There are places in Mexico where crime is a real problem, but none of them are typical tourist destinations. The Riviera Maya, like other popular tourist destinations in Mexico, is safe and receives millions of visitors each year.

When crime occurs, it’s rarely aimed at tourists. You may notice crime-related headlines popping up frequently, but in reality, you notice these alarming news stories more because people tend to focus more on negative news.

Is it safe to go to Riviera Maya?

The Riviera Maya offers travelers a safe and enjoyable experience. Stay informed, follow local rules, and take basic precautions. Wherever you go, it’s important to use the same prudence and common sense you use at home.

This means avoiding traveling alone at night, especially in unfamiliar areas, being cautious when interacting with strangers, refraining from buying drugs, and limiting your alcohol consumption, especially if you’re alone.

Using the same common sense you use at home can help you enjoy a safe and memorable vacation. Remember to always put your safety and well-being first, and you’re sure to have an enjoyable stay in the Riviera Maya.

Crime rates and safety measures in Riviera Maya

To assess the safety of any destination, it is vital to examine the crime rate. The Riviera Maya generally has low crime rates compared to other destinations. Local authorities prioritize the safety of residents and tourists.

Popular tourist areas are well patrolled and there is a visible police presence to ensure a safe environment.

Transportation safety in Riviera Maya

Navigating to a new destination involves using a variety of transportation options.

The Riviera Maya maintains roads in good condition and provides reliable transportation services. Following basic safety rules, such as wearing seat belts and using licensed transportation services, will improve overall safety.

Beach activity safety measures in Riviera Maya

Water safety is a top priority on the Riviera Maya, as it is at every resort. Lifeguards are always present at many popular beaches, and it is important to follow safety rules. Be careful of strong currents and follow all warnings.

Participating in water activities with reputable operators adds an extra layer of safety.

Natural disasters and safety precautions

The Riviera Maya is sometimes subject to natural disasters such as hurricanes.

The local government is well prepared to deal with such situations. Hotels on the Riviera Maya have emergency plans. Following local government instructions during adverse weather conditions is critical to ensure safety.

Food and drinking water safety

Ensuring the safety of the products you consume is crucial to an enjoyable trip.

The restaurants and street food vendors in the Riviera Maya adhere to health and safety standards. However, it is recommended to drink bottled water and exercise caution with street food to prevent any potential health issues.

The teocalli would have been built by indigenous communities, before the arrival of European settlers in the 16th century, on the top of San Miguel Hill, a volcanic elevation that houses a Catholic chapel at its base.

There are hundreds of stories, transmitted orally, about an ancestral temple lost in time. Despite the stories, until now no archaeological evidence has been found to support the existence of the pyramidal basement.

However, a team of anthropologists discovered remains of this ancient construction on the top of Cerro San Miguel (San Miguel Hill), as confirmed by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH).

Archaeologists discovered a lost ancestral temple in Atlixco

The remains of the temple were discovered during renovation work on the chapel and the paths leading to the top of the hill, where artifacts dating back over 1,000 years (stone tools, jewelry, and pottery) were found.

According to experts, these objects were made by the Mesoamerican Nahua, who inhabited the region before the arrival of Europeans.

Based on the evidence found, it was decided to dig another well to find more evidence of the temple, which was believed to have been built on top of San Miguel Hill in pre-Columbian times.

During excavations located in the north of the chapel, a calcareous sandy soil was discovered at a depth of 25 cm, bounded by a wall of stones stuck together with mud.

What is the archaeological richness of this discovery?

The discovery of an ancestral temple in Atlixco confirms the existence of a teocalli on the top of Cerro San Miguel, which recorded two phases of construction. It is still unknown to which figure it was dedicated.

Among the possible deities are Quetzalcóatl, Tláloc, and Macuilxóchitl.

The Sea of Cortez stretches approximately 700 miles from the southern tip of Baja California to the mainland. It is flanked by dramatic coastlines, providing a picturesque setting for marine enthusiasts and nature lovers.

The warm water temperature of the Sea of Cortez makes it a haven for aquatic life. Temperatures range from around 15°C in winter to a balmy 30°C in summer, creating an inviting environment for diverse marine species.

The Gulf’s nutrient-rich waters sustain an unparalleled ecosystem.

Known as the “Aquarium of the World” by Jacques Cousteau, the Sea of Cortez is teeming with marine life. Encounter playful dolphins, majestic whales, vibrant coral reefs, and a wide array of colorful fish species.

Several islands dot the Sea of ​​Cortez, each with its unique charm.

The island of Espiritu Santo, known for its sea lion colonies, and Isla San Francisco, known for its pristine beaches, are just a few examples. These islands offer a haven for both wildlife and adventure-loving travelers.

The beaches along the Sea of ​​Cortez boast golden sand and crystal-clear waters.

These beaches have calmer surf than the beaches on the Pacific Ocean, making them ideal for snorkeling and kayaking. Beaches such as Playa Balandra and Playa El Tecolote are gems where the desert meets the sea.

Compared to the powerful waves of the Pacific Coast, the Sea of ​​Cortez offers a tranquil retreat. The clarity of the waters provides unrivaled visibility, creating a thrilling experience for exploring its underwater wonders.

The Sea of Cortez is a blend of biodiversity, pristine islands, and serene beaches.

Sharks in the Sea of Cortez

Various species of sharks inhabit the Sea of Cortez.

Encounters with sharks in these waters can happen, but they typically do not pose a significant threat to humans. It’s important to exercise caution and be vigilant in areas where sharks may roam.

Shark encounters in the Sea of Cortez usually occur in open waters and are rare in coastal areas. Most sharks here are not aggressive toward humans. Avoid swimming in fishing areas and near large schools of fish.

Hazards and Safety Measures

The jellyfish threat in the Sea of Cortez. During certain times of the year, jellyfish can be found in the Sea of Cortez. Some of them may be venomous. Swimmers should be cautious and avoid contact with jellyfish.

Strong currents may occur in some areas of the Sea of ​​Cortez. Swimmers should exercise caution and stick to designated swimming areas. Pay attention to local authorities and beach safety warnings and follow the rules.

Water Activities in the Sea of Cortez

The Sea of Cortez is a popular destination for yachting enthusiasts. Its picturesque coastlines, secluded coves, and diverse marine life make it an ideal playground for those seeking a yachting adventure.

Many yacht charters are available, offering opportunities to explore the beauty of the sea at a leisurely pace.

The Sea of Cortez is renowned for its vibrant underwater world. Snorkeling and diving tours are widely available, allowing enthusiasts to discover coral reefs, and colorful fish, and perhaps encounter gentle giants like whale sharks.

Popular spots include Cabo Pulmo National Marine Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site, and Espíritu Santo Island.

Known for its rich marine biodiversity, the Sea of Cortez is a paradise for fishing enthusiasts. Fishing tours are a common offering, providing opportunities to catch a variety of species, including dorado, marlin, and tuna.

The warm waters make it an excellent year-round fishing destination.

Water activities such as jet skiing, water skiing, and paddleboarding are enjoyed along the coast of the Sea of Cortez. The calm waters and scenic surroundings create a perfect setting for these recreational pursuits.

For those seeking an adrenaline rush, adventure tours often include activities like water jetpacking and parasailing. These experiences provide a unique perspective of the coastline and the vastness of the Sea of Cortez.

The Sea of Cortez offers a diverse range of water-based activities, from yachting to the excitement of water sports and the exploration of underwater wonders, providing an array of fun for nature lovers or adventure seekers.

Mexico is susceptible to hurricanes, primarily affecting regions along its coasts. Hurricanes occur in the Caribbean and Pacific coastal regions. With less risk of destruction, hurricanes also occur in the Gulf of Mexico.

Hurricane formation is influenced by high sea surface temperatures, exceeding 26 C, providing the necessary heat for storms to form. Hurricanes bring strong winds, intense rainfall, and changes in air temperature.

Lightning also can occur during storms, but it’s not a primary concern compared to other hazards like wind and rainfall. However, it’s always advisable to exercise caution and avoid open areas during thunderstorms.

Specific hurricane impacts can vary based on the storm’s intensity, trajectory, and local topography. Staying informed through meteorological updates and following local authorities’ guidelines is crucial for safety.

The hurricane season usually lasts from early June to late November.

Hurricane season conditions

Conditions during the hurricane season may vary depending on time and region.

Early Season (June-July): Early in the hurricane season, typically June and July, activity may be more moderate, but tropical cyclone formation is possible. Winds and rain may be less intense but remain vigilant.

Peak Season (August-September): The frenetic activity of hurricanes usually peaks in August and September. During this period, major hurricanes with strong winds and intense rain are more likely to occur here.

Late season (October-November): Towards the end of the season, in October and at sunset, hurricane activity usually gradually decreases, but tropical storms and hurricanes may still be present with less activity.

Specific conditions may be considered each year and not all effects may be negative. Hurricane season is a period of increased risk, and travelers are advised to monitor forecasts, especially during the peak season.

Hurricane-prone regions in Mexico

While Mexico is known as a paradise for beachgoers, it’s important to note that certain regions within the country are prone to hurricanes. These areas face a higher risk of hurricanes due to their geographic location.

The Caribbean Coast, the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific Coast, and the Baja California Peninsula, are known for their high risk of hurricanes. These regions frequently experience hurricanes between June and November.

Mexican gastronomy is recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Mexican gastronomy is a rich tapestry of flavors, colors, and textures. Mexican cuisine is a fusion of indigenous ingredients and Spanish culinary traditions, resulting in a unique and vibrant culinary landscape.

Exploring Mexican gastronomy

One of the cornerstones of Mexican cuisine is maize, or corn, which has been a staple in the region for thousands of years. Tortillas, tamales, and other corn-based dishes form the foundation of many meals.

Beans, squash, and chili peppers are also fundamental components, offering a balance of protein, vitamins, and heat to the dishes.

Protein plays a crucial role in Mexican cuisine, with a wide variety of meats being used. From succulent barbacoa to savory carnitas, Mexican dishes often showcase the art of slow-cooking and marinating to achieve depth of flavor.

Seafood in coastal areas contributes to popular dishes like ceviche and fish tacos.

The vibrant salsas and sauces are integral to Mexican cuisine, adding layers of taste and complexity to each dish. Salsas can range from mild to fiery, with ingredients like tomatoes, onions, cilantro, and various chili peppers.

Guacamole, made from mashed avocados, is another beloved accompaniment, celebrated for its creamy texture and zesty taste.

Cheese is widely used in Mexican dishes, with variations like queso fresco, cotija, and Oaxaca cheese appearing in various recipes. Quesadillas, enchiladas, and chiles rellenos showcase the versatility of cheese in Mexican cuisine.

Street food is a thriving aspect of Mexican gastronomy, with tacos, grilled corn, and tlayudas being popular choices. Street vendors often specialize in specific dishes, contributing to the diverse array of options available.

Desserts in Mexican cuisine are a delightful blend of sweetness and tradition. Tres leches cake, churros, and flan are just a few examples of the delectable treats that satisfy the sweet tooth.

Beverages are an essential part of Mexican gastronomy. Agua frescas, made with fresh fruits, water, and sugar, provide a refreshing respite, while traditional drinks like horchata and pulque offer unique flavors.

The architectural landscape of Mexico reflects its rich cultural heritage.

From traditional haciendas to innovative contemporary buildings, the architecture of Mexico has evolved over time, adapting to the changing times while still preserving its unique recognized identity.

Mexican architecture has been influenced by cultural and historical factors.

Mexican architecture design includes indigenous cultures, colonial rule, and contemporary trends. This diverse blend of influences has created an instantly recognizable style and reflects the country’s rich history.

The traditional Mexican hacienda style is distinguished by earth-toned hues, red-tile roofing, and expansive courtyards. This style was prevalent during the colonial period and was adopted by wealthy landowners.

Nowadays, numerous haciendas have undergone conversion into hotels, museums, and cultural centers, thereby affording visitors a compelling insight into the historical and architectural tapestry of Mexico.

One of the most notable styles of Mexican colonial architecture is the Baroque style.

The baroque style is characterized by its ornate and grandiose design. This style was influenced by the Catholic Church, and many of Mexico’s colonial-era churches, such as the Metropolitan Cathedral, feature this style.

Rococo is another popular style during the colonial period, characterized by intricate details, gold leaf accents, and playful curves. The Altar of the Kings (Altar de los Reyes) in the capital’s cathedral is an example of the Rococo style.

The altar is a remarkable representation of the blending of European artistic styles with indigenous influences, reflecting the cultural exchange and artistic fusion that characterized the colonial period in Mexico.

Another important aspect of Mexican architecture is the use of building techniques that are suited to the country’s climate. Many buildings feature high ceilings and large windows for natural ventilation and cooling.

This helps to create a comfortable living environment and showcases the innovative thinking of Mexican architects and designers. Mexican architecture and design have evolved to include modern and innovative styles.

This can be seen in the works of famous Mexican architects who have pushed the boundaries of traditional Mexican architecture design, creating buildings that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing.

Mexican architecture and design are a testament to the country’s rich cultural heritage and history. Mexico’s architecture reflects diverse cultural influences and showcases the ingenuity of its architects and designers.

Mexico City stands out as one of the world’s premier destinations for museum enthusiasts. With its rich history, vibrant culture, and diverse art scene, the city boasts an impressive array of museums that cater to every interest.

Cultural heritage of Mexico City

Mexico City’s museums offer a fascinating journey through the country’s intricate cultural tapestry. Each museum contributes to the city’s narrative, offering a multifaceted exploration of its history, art, and culture.

From the ancient civilizations of the Aztecs and Maya to the colonial era and modern Mexico, these museums are a treasure trove of artifacts that provide a comprehensive overview of Mexico’s indigenous cultures.

For art enthusiasts, Mexico City is a haven.

The Museo Frida Kahlo offers an intimate glimpse into the life and works of the iconic artist. The Palacio de Bellas Artes showcases a stunning collection of Mexican and international art, spanning from the 16th century to the present day.

The museums themselves are often architectural wonders. The Soumaya Museum, designed by architect Fernando Romero, is a gleaming structure that houses an extensive art collection, including works by European masters like Rodin and Dali.

Exploring these buildings is an aesthetic experience in itself.

Museums serve as educational hubs, providing valuable insights into various fields. The Museum of Templo Mayor, located adjacent to the Aztec Templo Mayor ruins, is an archaeological marvel that educates visitors about Aztec civilization.

Many museums in the city offer informative exhibits in both English and Spanish.

By visiting museums, you actively contribute to the preservation of cultural and historical heritage. These institutions play a crucial role in safeguarding artifacts, artworks, and traditions for future generations.

Your support helps ensure that these treasures endure the test of time.

Museums have a unique ability to inspire and stimulate creativity.

Whether you’re an artist seeking inspiration, a history buff delving into the past, or a traveler curious about diverse cultures, Mexico City’s museums provide a source of inspiration that transcends boundaries.

This spectacular astronomical event of 2023 will be perfectly visible throughout Mexico, especially in the Yucatan Peninsula. The eclipse will be visible at Chichen Itza, Edznai, Uxmal, and several other archaeological sites.

This solar eclipse will be visible across America. The Moon will be at its farthest point from the Earth and will not be able to completely block the Sun during the eclipse, creating what looks like a so-called glowing ring of fire.

The Sun has held a special place in mythology and religion around the world. Most archaeological sites are located in the most frequented places during astronomical events that involve the Sun, such as equinoxes or eclipses.

The solar eclipse, visible throughout Mexico, will darken the sun by 90% only in Yucatan. The archaeological zones of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo have already organized a varied program of activities for visitors.

The shadow path of the 2023 solar eclipse begins in the northwest United States and will pass through Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, the northern tip of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and northern Brazil.

This excessive extraction causes the ground to settle and results in subsidence, contributing to the city’s gradual sinking. Moreover, the city was built on an ancient lakebed, known for its unstable soil composition.

Tenochtitlan was founded 700 years ago in the region of what is currently Mexico City. It was the capital of the Aztec Empire and was situated on the island located near the left coast of the Lake of Texcoco.

Unfortunately, during colonial times, the water in the area was drained.

Today the consequences of these actions are perceived, since for more than 100 years there have been records of Mexico City sinking, due to the constant compaction of the old lake bed on which it was built.

Since 1900 it was known that the city was sinking at a rate of 9 centimeters per year, and by the 1950s it increased to 29 centimeters per year. Due to this, measures were implemented to combat the situation.

However, the rate of subsidence in Mexico City dramatically has increased over the past two decades, reaching an alarming 50 cm per year, and, according to a study, there is no hope that this can be reversed.

The research was carried out by a team of Mexican and American scientists, who used 115 years of ground measurements and 24 years of space measurements using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR).

Using the data, the team concluded that the subsidence is almost irreversible, and is responsible for damage and fractures to urban infrastructure, such as buildings, historical sites, sewers, and gas and water lines.

Over the next 150 years, the soil will become more compact, causing Mexico City to sink another 30 m. Unless decisive action is taken to manage water resources, the stage is set for a double water crisis and subsidence.

The research has been published in the Journal of Geophysical Research.

Located in the heart of Mexico, the town has retained a unique linguistic tradition.

Founded in 1882 by a group of Italian immigrants, from the Veneto region, Chipilo became a haven for those seeking a better life. Most of the inhabitants of Chipilo speak Chipileño, a variety of the Veneto language.

Cobblestone streets, vibrant houses, and a welcoming atmosphere make it an ideal destination for a tranquil and enriching journey. The town is a living testament to how cultural diversity can enrich a community’s identity.

Chipil, located 2150 m above sea level, enjoys a temperate climate, with pleasant temperatures throughout the year. Summers are warm, and winters are mild, making it a welcoming destination for travelers at any time.

Language fusion

The linguistic tapestry of Chipilo is woven with threads of Italian, Spanish, and Náhuatl.

This linguistic mix creates a language that is truly one-of-a-kind. Over the years, the original Italian spoken by the settlers blended with the local Spanish, and remarkably, incorporated elements from the Náhuatl language.

This fusion has given rise to a distinct linguistic variant that is still spoken by the locals.

Community and culture

Visitors to Chipilo are greeted by the richness of this linguistic fusion.

The town serves as a showcase of multiculturalism, where store signs are written in both Italian and Spanish. Culinary traditions mirror this fusion, offering a delightful mix of Italian and Mexican flavors.

Chipilo is a cultural and linguistic treasure that provides travelers with a unique opportunity to immerse themselves in a fascinating history of immigration, integration, and the preservation of traditions.

Tourists can hear the locals speaking this unusual and unique language. For those who want to explore the cultural and linguistic richness of Mexico, a visit to Chipilo will be a truly unforgettable experience.